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剖析京津冀雾霾频发:原煤散烧是空气污染重要来源

2016-01-03 14:25:38   中国新闻网

这个冬天,京津冀地区雾霾袭扰频仍,应急警报多次拉响,成为政府和公众的“心肺之患”。探寻背后的深层次原因,除了特殊的气象条件外,人为的污染排放是重要因素。特别是“供暖季”变成“雾霾季”,让煤炭一时间成为众矢之的。

燃煤会带来排放,但以煤为主的能源结构调整需要相当长的时间。“呼吸之痛”迫在眉睫,煤炭又不得不用,“燃煤之痛”如何解?

燃煤对雾霾“贡献”几何?

燃煤、机动车尾气、工业排污……对于雾霾的成因,特别是各类污染源的具体“贡献率”,仍然莫衷一是。即便“排名不分先后”,燃煤也是不可小觑的重要诱因之一。

“实时监测发现,重污染条件下,燃煤污染的累积非常快,特别是采取机动车限行、工业停产限产等应急措施后,机动车尾气排放对大气污染的贡献百分比显著减少,但燃煤的贡献百分比却大幅增长,成为雾霾的主要来源。”中国环境科学研究院副院长柴发合说。

环保部分析,重污染期间,化石燃料或生物质燃烧排放的一次颗粒物增加明显,原煤散烧对近地面污染贡献最高,低矮面源污染对PM2.5浓度贡献最大。

从观测数据看,与燃煤排放直接相关的有机物、硫酸盐、黑炭等物质,是PM2.5的主要组成成分,也证明了煤炭污染,特别是城乡接合部与广大农村地区的原煤散烧,是导致近期华北地区大范围空气污染的重要来源。

记者了解到,除北京、天津外,华北地区煤炭在能源消费结构中占比近90%,远超全国平均水平。河北省常务副省长杨崇勇此前在国新办发布会上直言,河北治霾的症结正是产业结构重型化、能源结构不合理,煤炭消费占比高达80%,污染严重。

在河北农村,每年耗煤量约4000万吨,一些农户使用高硫、高挥发的劣质煤,导致冬季污染物排放居高不下。

重霾发生后,环保部连续派出督查组在京津冀及周边地区督查重污染天气应对措施的落实情况,结果却不容乐观。督查发现,华北地区散煤污染治理工作问题依然突出,北京市在售散煤煤质超标率为22.2%,天津市超标率为26.7%,河北省唐山、廊坊、保定、沧州4市平均超标率达37.5%。

“少用煤”是大势所趋

我国能源结构过度依赖煤炭,从这组数据可见一斑:2014年,我国煤炭消费量出现15年来首次下降,但总量仍近40亿吨;《世界能源统计年鉴》显示,2014年全球煤炭消费占一次能源消费的比重降至30%,而当年我国煤炭消费占比却高达66%。

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