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"五险一金"占工资额近半 养老保险缴费水平偏高

2015-01-05 09:11:28   中国新闻网

一家小型餐饮企业的老板直言,小型餐饮业的店员大多没有社保,“海底捞”这样的大型连锁除外。这个行业的员工流动性太大,上社保无论对企业还是员工都很不现实。部分小型餐饮企业,会代之以给员工购买商业保险。

显然,在不同的企业中“社保”的体现也不尽相同。董登新在其认证微博中曾这样表示,从企业提供五险两金的待遇,可以区分中国劳工等次。(1)至多只有五险的劳工,他们一定是在中小企业工作;(2)拥有完整五险一金的劳工,他们一定是在大企业或上市公司工作,这类就业也称为正规就业,或称体面工作;(3)拥有丰厚的五险两金的劳工,他们大多是在垄断或暴利行业工作。

影响

五险一金让小微企业“涨不起工资”

在拆解工资社保构成的同时,马靖昊还举了这样一个例子。某一雇员目前月薪8000元,在扣除五险一金及其个税之后可支配工资收入6053.9元。某天雇主为之加薪2000,该雇员税前工资涨到了10000元,正式晋身万元水平。不过,如上所述,在扣除了杂七杂八后,该雇员每月到手工资为7454.3元,较之此前的6053.9元增加了1400.4元。而雇主付出的代价是,为了这1400.4元,须增加的用工支出,由此前的11528元增至14410元,增加2882元,是雇员到手工资增加额的2.06倍。

马靖昊称,按照上面的计算,很容易知道,只要雇员的工资收入翻一倍,单位用工支出就要翻二倍,这样,用人单位决定给员工加工资时的冲动就会逐步变得疲软起来。站在雇主的角度,给员工加工资显然是要下大决心的,至少企业还要非常赚钱。因为除了要承担看得见的工资支出之外,还要承担占比相当可观的额外支出。尽管为员工缴纳相应的“五险一金”和税负是用人单位不容推卸的责任,但负担太重,会让企业打消给员工加薪的念头。

据了解,我国社保缴费比例过高的问题,是一个老话题。各地缴纳“五险一金”的比例,虽不完全一致,但绝大部分省市的缴纳比例都在工资总额的40%以上。相关数据显示,在与125个国家的社保费率对比分析后,只有11个国家的社保费率超过40%,而且主要是发达的福利国家,目前中国社保费率高于德国、美国,也高于日本、韩国。但是,即便如此,就目前我国企业人员缴纳社保的效果来看,“养老替代率”却远远达不到预期效果,养老金数量明显低于不缴社保的公职人员,缴费过高的事实也便引发了越来越多人的不满。

业内专家表示,“五险一金缴费高”的现实必须要得到改变,这不仅仅是释放中小微企业活力、提高社会投保比例的前提,也是让广大企业工作人员增加收入的重要保障。但是,对于我国社保制度中的种种问题,仅仅降低“缴费比例”还远远不够,公共财政还要在补贴系数上进行上调,至少不能形成一个缴得越多、领得越少的恶制度,如此,才有可能保障“养老替代率”不在降低缴纳比例之后大幅下跌,福利社会才会慢慢建成并逐渐完善。供图/CFP

新闻背景

马凯:五险一金占工资总额比例近半

2014年年末,十二届全国人大常委会第十二次会议举行联组会议,结合国务院关于统筹推进城乡社会保障体系建设工作情况的报告进行专题询问。国务院副总理马凯在回答委员询问时表示,现在的养老保险缴费水平确实偏高,“五险一金”已占到工资总额的40%至50%。

据业内解释,工资总额是指单位在一定时期内直接支付给全部职工的报酬总额,并非职工个人所得工资。党的十八届三中全会提出,要适当降低养老保险缴费水平。对此马凯表示,现在的缴费水平确实偏高,五险一金已占到工资总额的40%至50%,企业觉得负担重。但是另一方面,现在社保基金收入增长幅度慢于支出增长幅度,这又是一个矛盾。“一方面企业反映缴费水平太高,一方面降低缴费水平又会影响当期的收入,这个两难矛盾怎么解决,需要研究。”

马凯表示,养老保险体系的顶层设计问题是政府2015年社会保障工作的一个重头戏。本届政府一成立即做了部署,开展了养老保险顶层设计的研究工作。经过一年半的努力,人力资源和社会保障部牵头的部际联席小组已形成了顶层设计研究的总体报告和16个专项报告。而针对养老保险全国统筹问题,马凯说,现在各地情况千差万别,制约因素很多,有的地方入不敷出,中央补助以后才能保证支付。针对这一问题需要解决的是,“怎样才能既能发挥养老保险的共济性功能,又能调动各地的积极性,平衡点怎么找”。本组文/本报记者 齐雁冰 (来源:北京青年报)


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