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湘江流域重污染区砷超标715倍 官方暂无表态

2014-12-02 07:43:01   

曙光环保理事长刘曙表示,正因为土壤样本来自于重点污染区,导致样本检测数据普遍超标,“但是,这些点位的数据超标,并不意味着整个湘江流域的重金属含量都超标这么严重,调查方法不同,取样点不一样,都会导致调查结果不同,毕竟,一个点位的数据不能代表其所在的整个区域。”

  专家:重金属污染存在了几百年,缓解它比消灭它更可行

尽管曙光环保公布的数据仍不够详尽,但世界自然基金会成都办公室高级专家梁海棠还是颇为赞赏,并提出,能否在整个岭南矿脉区域包括湖南、江西、广东、广西四省份开展联合调查,“弄清楚哪些区域是重污染土地,哪些地方不能生产生活,哪些地方不能种粮食,哪些地方重金属含量虽然超标但在土壤中化学性质比较稳定,然后根据不同情况采取治理措施。”

据湖南省人大环资委监督处处长刘帅介绍,湖南省目前的治理路线,正是先将土壤分类,再按照不同的用途,确定不同的治理标准。“比如湘潭锰矿区,就不宜种水稻了;株洲清水塘,全部退出用于工业用地,经过治理后要达到工业用地的土壤标准;湘潭竹埠港的治理目标,是经过整治达到商业用地标准后全部转为商用。”

除了污染严重的工矿区,基本农田土壤的污染状况与民众密切相关,也是曙光环保此次调查的重点。

国土资源部2013年公布的调查结果表明,全国中重度污染耕地大体在5000万亩左右。而据刘阳生介绍,修复一亩重金属污染耕地使之达到国家土壤质量标准的平均成本是20万~40万元,以此计算,全国共需治理资金10万亿~20万亿元。

对此,国内一些专家提出,湖南的重金属污染从明代就有了,存在了几百年,治理重金属污染,不一定非要把重金属从土壤中抽离出来。

北京大学环境科学与工程学院副院长刘阳生认为,如果农田中重金属含量超过国家土壤质量标准,但是仍处于稳定状态、不会进入农作物的食用部分的,“是否一定要把重金属从土壤中抽离出来,使土壤达到国标,这个目标值得商榷。”因为,一成本太高,二没有必要。

著名水稻栽培专家、湖南省水稻研究所副所长张玉烛研究员同意刘阳生的观点,他说,重金属污染治理只能是“与狼共舞”,目标是使重金属留在土壤中而不进入作物内,完全把重金属从土壤中提取出去不可能,“我们试验了2000多个水稻品种,测验各品种的重金属吸收量,选择其中吸收少的品种来推广,比如说Y两优系列,就处于中等偏低的水平。它的光合作用很强,也就是说主要靠叶片提供营养,镉主要留在茎中,稻米的镉含量就很低。”

从2014年7月开始,湖南省政府在湘江流域长沙、株洲、湘潭3市的试点重金属污染耕地修复与种植结构调整,要求集中治理170万亩污染耕地,其主要目标是有效缓解重金属对湖南省农产品的污染,而不是将重金属从土壤中抽离出去。

湖南湘潭环保协会理事长刘海威介绍,长株潭的耕地集中治理目前还没有按土地分类,治理方法是统一的,主要是撒石灰、施有机肥和调整作物结构。

但令人遗憾的是,农田污染的基本数据还相当匮乏。“至少还没有公开数据”梁海棠说,“重金属污染土地分类和治理,关键还是需要有大量数据来做支撑。”

11月18日,高亮与同事踏上新的采样点的征途,他们希望采集更多的样本,试图以更加完善的第三方数据库为基础构建一个公信平台。“现在,相互掐架的部门、企业、专家都不少,理性沟通不够。”曙光环保理事长刘曙说,“这需要更扎实的调查数据,需要更多的人参与,进一步巩固'两型社会'与生态文明建设的成果。”

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