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院士李宁涉转移科研经费遭批捕 农大人称李老板

2014-10-21 07:11:17   

其次,根据《关于国家科研计划实施课题制管理的规定》,已完成验收课题的结余经费,经归口部门批准后,可留给依托单位用于补助科研发展支出。换言之,该课题的负责人仍需要将结余费用上交。目前业内的普遍做法是留给课题负责人支配,作为补助支出。但是由于该经费已不再属于在研项目经费,管理相对宽松,最后常常不知去向。

《中国经济周刊》调查得知,贪腐科研项目方法可谓“花样百出”。最常见的方式就是编制虚假预算,通过联合关联公司开具虚假发票、编造虚假合同、编制虚假账目等手段套取专项科研经费。在此次曝光的7名教授经费套现的事件中,已被判刑的陈英旭即利用该手段将近千万元专项科研经费冲账套现。

此外,部分科研人员钻经费管理的空子,进行横向经费(课题组承接来自企业、学校等平行单位的科研项目)和纵向经费(课题组申请的国家级、部委级的科研项目)的“互换”。部分科研人员将能够正经花的钱都凑到纵向的账目上,纵向经费中一些实在走不了的账,则依赖横向经费抵销,用不完就塞进自己的腰包。

劳务费也是科研经费流失的一个渠道,有科研人员编造劳务名单冒领“劳务费”,更有人按照可报销的项目去做账,将“吃喝玩乐”的费用记在科研项目上。

科研管理体制:为何政府与市场双失灵

葛丰

中央纪委监察部网站近日披露,中国工程院院士、中国农业大学教授李宁因涉嫌弄虚作假套取国家科技重大专项资金已被依法批捕。

这则看似令人震惊的新闻,对于任何一位稍稍知悉中国科研管理实际状况的人士而言,实则不过是意料中事。毕竟,排除未必理性的对于科研人员不切实际的泛道德要求,科研人员作为职业人群中的一支,同样很难摆脱“经济人” 各项基本假设。

亚当·斯密早在1776年就已指明,人们在参与经济活动时,若发现相较于寻利活动的寻租活动,能以更少的经济成本获得更多超额收益,便会倾向于放弃寻利活动而选择寻租活动。中国当下的科研管理体制,正是这样一种很容易让科研人员发现,寻租比之寻利更能获得超额收益的体制。

中国的科研管理体制与几乎一切不再适用的过渡性体制一样,充斥着政府与市场双失灵的弊端。这些弊端主要体现在:一方面,由于市场发育不全,这类体制往往寄望于通过政府有形之手,深度介入市场机制无法实现自发扩展的特殊领域。譬如科研领域,目前我国全社会研究与试验发展经费支出连年实现大幅度增长,已经达到了世界第二的水平;但在另一方面,由于政府特有的激励与信息等方面的欠缺,政府的介入往往在放纵市场失灵的同时,反而在客观上营造出内部人控制、寻租的“乐园”。

其实只消看看国有企业普遍存在的预算软约束即可明了,中国的科研管理体制不仅不可能种瓜得豆,而且还只会因为以下四点特殊性而进一步放大预算软约束下的逆向激励。这四点特殊性具体来说就是:其一,科研领域因其高度专业性以及相对小众化,存在极为严重的信息不对称与不透明;其二,科研活动因其高度不确定性,再加之基础科学与人文社科等部门具有很强的外部性,因此,相较于企业更难进行绩效考核;其三,中国的科研管理部门是目前所剩不多的既是运动员(项目发放)、又是裁判员(项目考核)的计划体制“残余势力”;其四,中国现阶段急于实现的“科技进步”在基本制度框架基本不变的前提下,很可能进一步加剧前述三项预算软约束。

李宁被捕其实不过是揭开了长期笼罩在神秘面纱下问题的一角。为今之计,如果中国并非叶公好龙式地意图取得科技腾飞,那就不应当继续沉浸在“大多数课题实施的情况是好的”、“违法违纪现象是极少数”等自我精神告慰中。中国的科研管理体制,已经到了不改不行,不大改、不彻改不行的地步。

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