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解放军成功研制新一代重型舟桥 再次刷新历史

2014-06-26 15:38:19   中国新闻网

林铸明,渡河桥梁专家,总装工程兵某科研所研究员,主持完成了我军新一代重型舟桥研制,获国家科技进步奖2项、军队科技进步奖20余项、国家发明专利10余项。(资料图)

视点提示

盛夏,随着一发信号弹飞向空中,宽阔的江面立刻沸腾起来:冲锋舟快速集结预定渡场,舟桥官兵熟练地操作液压控制按钮……但见一个个舟桥单元像“变形金刚”魔术般整齐地拼接在一起,转眼间一条“钢铁巨龙”横卧在江面之上。旋即装甲部队开拔,发动机相继轰鸣,队伍整肃,直奔浮桥而过,形成了一支浩浩荡荡的铁甲洪流。担负此次开辟通路重任的正是目前世界上最为先进的某重型舟桥,它的研制成功,再一次刷新历史,开启了我军渡河桥梁发展的时代新篇。

天潢

追根溯源话变迁

古代战争,用于克服江河障碍的渡河器材已有很多。兵书《六韬》中多处提到“渡大水”用“飞江”“天潢”等。唐代《蒲津桥赞》中记载:“连舰千艘,横縆百丈”,说明当时架设蒲津浮桥使用了大量战船和竹索。公元前327年,马其顿王亚历山大率军远征印度时,曾携带由马车装载的革囊和可分解的平底小船,用以架设浮桥。

伴随科技革命,舟桥中木质材料逐渐被钢材、铝合金等金属所取代。第一次世界大战以后,为保障重型火炮、坦克、汽车的通行,舟桥的载重量及其它性能指标不断提高,先后出现了前苏联的“恩2波”重型舟桥、“特波波”重型舟桥等。之后,舟桥在技术上不断出现质的飞跃。

20世纪80年代以来,各国开始竞相对舟桥进行更新换代。典型的有法国F1摩托化浮桥、美国IRB改进型带式舟桥和德国M3自行舟桥、法国EFA前线渡河器材。我军研制的“三代重型舟桥”机械化程度高,被誉为“水上变形金刚”。

进入21世纪,材料科学日趋成熟,舟桥开始采用新型轻金属材料及高性能碳纤维复合材料,重量更轻,强度更大,结构性能更加符合现代战争要求。尤其是信息技术飞速发展,促使舟桥装备向着自动架设与撤收方向发展,运用自动控制技术,可实现舟桥机电一体化作业,使军桥发展产生了划时代的飞跃。

外军快速开通架桥系统(资料图)

奇胜

瞬间天堑变通途

舟桥在现代战争中如何发挥作用呢?

中东战争期间,埃军强渡苏伊士运河,其工程兵部队沿170公里长的运河,开辟了10多个浮桥渡场和50个门桥渡场,使5个装甲师成功地跨越苏伊士运河,突破巴列夫防线。伊拉克战争爆发后,为保障美军快速向巴格达推进,美第3机步师工兵旅在巴格达南20千米处的幼发拉底河大桥附近,用改进式带式舟桥架起浮桥,使得随后3000多辆军车顺利开进。为保障第4机步师快速机动部署,美军第130工兵旅又在提克里特战区底格里斯河上架设了2座536米和586米的巨型浮桥,使大军畅行无阻。

血的战争史实告诉我们,要提高装备维修和补充的效率,要具备快速反应和持续作战能力,必须加强舟桥装备通用化、系列化、模块化研究,从而全面提升总体保障能力。

唐山大地震、“5·12”汶川大地震等发生后,我军桥梁部队勇当开路先锋,为应急救援赢得了宝贵的时间,一批批大型机械设备及救灾食品、药品和衣物等源源不断输送到救灾现场,演绎出可歌可泣的惊世壮举。

超越

军民融合显神通

新中国成立后,我国在塔里木盆地寻找石油资源的脚步从未停歇。正当三十多年努力结出硕果、塔里木石油会战的帷幕徐徐拉开时,塔里木河却成为难以逾越的沟壑。有专家曾急切地说:“要从塔里木拉出'金骆驼',关键必须征服塔里木河这'脱缰野马'。”但见我军开路先锋再创辉煌:让世界震惊的百吨浮桥飞架塔里木河,全线贯通,石油会战大军捷报频传。

悬索桥是可以达到最大跨度的桥梁型式,那么该如何解决超大跨度桥梁设计难题呢?利用浮力不需要加固地基的浮桥成为一个很好的选择。挪威是一个多山、长海岸线、多海湾的国家,同时也成为浮桥技术应用与创新的领航者。

沿江沿海地域经济发展迅速,跨越海湾或入海口河段的桥梁施工往往是交通设施建设的一大瓶颈。浮桥技术“对症下药”,特别是大港湾和封锁性海湾内建设,民用浮桥扮演着“先行官”的重要角色。日本“大阪港”活动浮桥位于通航水道上,连接了港口区、居民区、商业区三个岛屿,成为主航道重要交通中枢。

在科技发展日新月异的今天,桥梁设计师们从未停止探索的脚步,他们在运用新材料、构思新结构,去攻克一个个技术难题,用智慧高奏未来版“水上交响曲”!

美军伊战浮桥应急架设(资料图)

    科学探秘

    管窥“桥”基因

桥,大家并不陌生。早在数万年前,自然界已经形成了许多天然的桥梁,如自然侵蚀而成的石拱桥,两岸藤萝纠结构成的悬空桥等。后来,人类从天然桥得到启示,在小河上架起一根木头,或用石块垫起一个个高出水面的石磴,这些“独木桥”“墩子桥”便成为人类建造桥梁的雏形。

随着时代进步和道路交通发展,桥的作用越来越凸显。木质桥由于质松易腐,强度与长度均有诸多限制,逐渐被石桥取代。如1400年前建于隋朝的赵州桥,是世界上现存最古老的石桥之一。1779年,英国人建造了享誉世界的第一座铁桥。二战后期,高强度钢材出炉并被迅速用于桥梁建设中。

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