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财政部专家谈预算公开:凡是花了国家钱都应公开

2014-04-21 07:43:32   新京报

地方债    

“地方举债适度放开原则明朗”

对于地方政府债务,一、二审稿做了相反安排。一审稿规定,“对地方政府债务实行限额管理”,“国务院确定地方债务的限额,报经全国人民代表大会批准后下达,省级政府按国务院下达的限额举债,作为赤字列入本级预算调整方案,报本级人大常委会批准”。

二审稿删除了上述条款,恢复了现行预算法的规定,“地方各级预算按照量入为出、收支平衡的原则编制,不列赤字。除法律和国务院另有规定外,地方政府不得发行地方政府债券”。地方政府该不该有发债权?有人认为,一旦放开会影响国家财政安全,但也有人主张,现实中一些地方政府“暗箱”发债,“堵”不如“疏”。

刘尚希表示,《决定》提出,“建立规范合理的中央和地方政府债务管理及风险预警机制”,“允许地方政府通过发债拓宽城建融资渠道”,因此适度放开的原则已经很明朗了。

今年全国两会期间,央行副行长潘功胜、财政部副部长朱光耀也曾公开表示,应修改现行预算法以及二审稿对地方政府发债的规定,今后会逐步取消中央代发地方债,而由地方政府自行发债。

■ 背景    

国家的钱袋子该如何看管?

自预算法2004年修订以来,围绕国库该是“经理制”还是“代理制”,央行和财政部的博弈已经是公开的秘密。

中央财经大学财经研究院院长王雍君称,“经理制”就是各级政府都在央行开设惟一的“财政存折”,也就是在央行设置国库单一账户。“代理制”就是央行国库受财政部门领导、对财政部门负责,财政部门可以不经过人大批准和央行国库授权,自行在国库体系之外开设财政专户,处置、存放公款。

现行《预算法》采用的是“经理制”。但二审稿改为“国库管理的具体办法由国务院规定”,并赋予了各级财政部门两项权力:“监督本级国库办理的预算收入的收纳、划分、留解、退付及预算支出的拨付业务”;“加强对本级国库的管理和监督”。

由于二审稿删除了央行的“经理国库”职能,遭到了不少学者的反对。二审后,王雍君、韦森等10多名知名财税学者曾召开研讨会,并向全国人大常委会提交了10多条修改建议,其中一条就是“保留央行的国库经理地位”。

王雍君表示,选择“经理制”还是“代理制”,是国家财政管理的职责分离和权力制衡。在财政管理体系中,财政部门相当于政府的会计,央行相当于出纳。保留央行的“经理国库”职能,有利于监督财政支出行为。

但财政部财政科学研究所副所长刘尚希表示,具体看管国家“钱袋子”的只能是国家财政,“道理很简单,国库管理属于财政管理,如果以制衡监督的名义,对国库管理设置两个责任主体,让其他部门参与,其结果会是扯皮、低效,协商成本高”。

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