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社科院专家:中国人口红利减少 潜在GDP增长率降低

2014-04-09 11:35:44   中国新闻网

中新网北京4月9日电(记者 李金磊)9日发布的《中国经济增长与发展新模式》一书指出,随着中国劳动年龄人口的减少,过去30年里推动中国经济快速增长的人口红利正在减少,这会降低中国的潜在GDP增长率。

4月9日,中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所在北京发布《中国经济增长与发展新模式》。该书由社会科学文献出版社和澳大利亚国立大学ANU出版社共同出版。

该书指出,人口红利并非人口总量或人口增长问题,而是一个人口结构问题。当劳动年龄人口占总人口的比重较大、抚养比(被抚养人口与劳动年龄人口之比)较低时,整个国家会出现高储蓄、高投资、高增长的局面,此时就出现了人口红利。

作为该书主编之一,中国社科院人口与劳动经济研究所所长蔡昉表示,在过去的30余年中,人口红利推动了中国经济的高速增长,但随着劳动年龄人口的减少,这种红利正在减少。

国家统计局此前公布的数据显示,中国劳动年龄人口自2012年开始出现了“两连降”。2013年中国16周岁以上至59周岁的劳动年龄人口91954万人,比2012年末减少244万人,占总人口的比重为67.6%,较2012年下降1.2个百分点。

“即使从现在开始执行'单独二孩'政策,也无法改变中国劳动年龄人口绝对数量递减的趋势。考虑到人口因素对中国经济增长的决定因素产生了长远影响,人口年龄结构的变化一定会降低中国的潜在GDP增长率。”蔡昉说。

按照该书预计,在“十二五”时期(2011-2015年),中国GDP年平均增长率将下降为7.2%;到“十三五”时期(2016-2020年)将进一步下降至6.1%。因此,该书指出,如何促进中国经济可持续发展将成为未来很长一段时间内的重要课题。

“保持未来经济增长的关键在于通过改革提高潜在增长率。”蔡昉认为,通过提高劳动供给、资本供给和提高生产率的方法,可以改变潜在增长率,但这需要在各领域进行深化改革,例如户籍制度改革和工业改革。

蔡昉表示,现在的家庭登记或户口系统将劳动力市场分割成了农村地区和城市地区,户口制度阻碍了农民工在城市的合法性和持久性,因此,使农民工市民化的户籍制度改革可以显著地稳定劳动力供给,增加潜在劳动力,进而提高潜在增长率。

该书还指出,在向现代经济转型的过程中,市场竞争环境对于提高中国的潜在增长率至关重要。政府在提高中国的全要素增长率方面起着关键作用。通过一系列改革,中国政府应当强化制度建设,以此来促进劳动力市场、金融市场、公司治理和政府系统的高效运转。(完)

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