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字画古董成腐败官员共同“爱好” 刘志军收近200件

2014-02-18 08:49:03   中国新闻网

在北京琉璃厂,多家商店经营艺术“送礼”一条龙服务。记者了解到,这些人能以真当假,可以借仿品的名义用真品送礼,过段时间他们负责上门收购,这样一来,收礼者心安理得,送礼者目的达到。另外他们还可以让艺术品“合理”变现。首先将赝品通过不合法的鉴定渠道鉴定为真品后,送予受贿者。然后,行贿者再以受贿者名义将该赝品交给拍卖公司拍卖。行贿者指定一竞买人,竞买人举牌高价竞买。如此,受贿者以隐秘方式获得钱款。二是受贿者将得到的赝品存放在某经销商处,受贿者直接或间接地告知自己有收藏雅好,同时指定特定的经销商,行贿者又从该经销商处高价买得赝品送予受贿者。

除了赝品被作为洗钱工具外,行贿者也将真品、真迹放置特定经销商处,以赝品价格销售给受贿者。另外,借助拍卖会进行围标,让竞买人在事前安插好,将真品、真迹以超低价格起拍,受贿者或其代理人经过象征性几轮举牌后,最终以绝对低廉的价格拿下该拍卖品。

一位曾经侦办过此类案件的检察官分析认为,上述“猫腻”给案件侦查平添了许多障碍。很多经销商在售卖收藏品时是不会开具发票、收据等证明文件的,如此,一旦查获贪官受贿物品为赝品时,无法证明其中的受贿环节,若按赝品定罪,则有轻纵之嫌。

不少艺术界全国人大代表和政协委员在接受记者采访时纷纷呼吁,要求有关部门加强对艺术市场的管理,必要时要出台相关法律,打击不法艺术品买卖,切断利用“爱好”进行行贿、受贿的黑色利益链。

守住底线

让“爱好”真正成为爱好

“以'爱好'为由头的新贿赂形式,因收受行为更为隐蔽,在认定上存在取证、估值等较大难度,目前相关纪律条例和法律条文对这一新贿赂方式还缺乏详细统一的规范,存在一定的制度漏洞。”李乐平告诉记者。

他认为,刑法中虽然对受贿罪进行了概念上的规定,对受贿物都是用“财物”进行表述,但没有对具体的受贿内容进行列举,而在司法解释中,有对房屋、汽车、干股、证券等方面的规定,但并无对古玩字画等艺术品的明确规定。因此,在认定受贿罪行时也存在着困难。另外,艺术品在不同时期的价值也是不同的。比如有的人送给受贿人的名人字画可能当时价格很低,但过几年价格就飙升了,如翡翠这十年就涨了近百倍。而且在具体估值中,是按照收受贿物时的价格算还是按照查处时的市场价格算,这也难以界定。

安徽省检察院参与办理相关案件的检察官表示,由于文玩艺术品真伪混杂,价格也存在较大不确定性,往往难以确定价格。有时在起诉时只表述为收到玉石、字画多少件,但往往很难折算成受贿金额。

针对取证难,北京航空航天大学公共管理学院教授任建明建议,引入专业的第三方中介机构进行鉴定评估也是一种办法。“艺术品不像黄金、现金等市场价格容易确定,且目前鉴定市场也比较混乱,鉴定这些贿赂物也占据了司法人员的时间和精力,急需有相对专业资格的第三方机构进行鉴定和评估,相关部门据此依规进行受贿事实和罪行的认定。”

对于如何预防和根治“爱好”式腐败,中央党校政法部教授林喆认为,是一些官员利用制度建设的缺陷,故意混淆“正常爱好”与“收受贿赂”的界线。“现有规定在很多地方执行得不严格,本身也比较模糊,如缺少价值限额。”林喆介绍,世界上多个国家有专门的立法规定,如美国公务员每年接受的礼物价值不能超过50美元,意大利的规定折合约30美元,如有违背将受到严厉查处,触及法律的交由法庭审理。“而我国刑法规定的受贿立案标准是5000元,相比之下过于宽泛。”

李乐平还建议,要有效引入外部监督,通过法律制度的强约束,把官员的爱好控制在自己实际能力之内。与此同时,还应当采取管好官员8小时之外的“生活圈”、在财产申报时专门增加收藏品项目等监管措施,使官员不敢染指超越自己实际能力的“爱好”。另外,有关部门应充分利用各种教育活动,加强相关部门党员干部思想建设,把“公”字作为作风建设和预防腐败的“总开关”。坦荡做人、谨慎用权,把“公”作为基本的职业操守,不能以权谋私,更不能假公济私。只有“公”字在心,才能在私利面前把牢自己,守住底线和红线。徐伯黎

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