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中国人首潜深海300米 潜水员出舱探底互拍后返回

2014-01-13 07:58:23   京华时报

◎压力

比常人多30倍

常人承受的压力是一个大气压。在300米的深海里,潜水员要承受的压力是31个大气压,比常人多30倍。胡建说,在这种压力下,人感觉就像被挤压住了一样,骨头与骨头贴得很紧,抬下手、动动脚,都很费力。

■链接饱和潜水

深潜水是世界各国正在攻克的尖端难关,实现深潜水的关键技术,就是饱和潜水。据300米饱和潜水现场总指挥郭杰介绍,潜水深度每超过10米,压力就增加1个大气压。潜水员潜水完毕后,人必须减压。如果不减压,在高压下溶解进潜水员身体内的惰性气体会残留在身体组织中,造成严重的减压病,甚至危及生命。

美国1957年提出“饱和潜水”,就是创造出一种环境和条件,使潜水员体内各组织体液中所溶解的惰性气体达到完全饱和的程度,潜水员可以在高压下停留几十天,待作业完成后,一次减压,返回正常生活。这就需要建造一个生活舱,给舱里加压形成高压环境,潜水员在舱里呼吸的气体是氦气和氧气的混合气体。在不同的深度和高压环境下,混合气体的配比和加压时间都不同。1981年,美国完成了第一次实验,3名潜水员在686米的海底,生活工作了7个昼夜。

释疑

与蛟龙号潜水有何不同?

潜水员由舱内走向舱外

在蛟龙号已经到达水下7200多米的今天,为什么还要关注一次300多米的作业呢?蛟龙号的船员是在舱内,而饱和潜水则是潜水员身体直接承受海底压力,在舱外作业。

交通运输部上海打捞局局长沈灏介绍,蛟龙号沉到7000米,人依然在1个大气压力下面,与在地面上生活没有什么差别,但饱和潜水员是在高压下面,比如水下300米就要承受1平方厘米30公斤的压力,“有一次一名潜水员在海底100多米拿了一只龙虾上来,送上来以后龙虾就爆掉了,这说明压力差对人体有多大危害”。

实现300米作业有何意义?

多数海洋工程自力更生

目前在世界范围内,海底300米是一个大的门槛,英、法、美、日、俄等8个国家已经掌握,但核心技术都对别国封锁。

“我们马上可以为海底石油勘探开发来作业”,交通运输部救助打捞局局长王振亮介绍,“如果一旦在300米的水深发生了重大突发事件,我们马上可以应对”。

掌握300米海底潜水作业能力意味着中国的整体技术步入世界先进行列,也意味着渤海、黄海、东海的所有经济海域以及南海绝大多数经济海域里的海洋工程和海底突发事件都可以依靠自己的力量完成。

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