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治疗儿童发烧,退热贴不是标配

2018-04-18 00:04:41   科技日报 

退热贴越来越成为有娃家庭的标配,小儿发烧,先往额头贴一贴,省得体温太高“烧坏脑袋”。不过退热贴对退烧有没有用?我们的脑袋又会不会真的被“烧坏”?4月13日,科技日报记者采访了北京世纪坛医院新生儿科主任王天成,听他聊聊“退热贴那些事儿”。

退热贴带走热量有限

记者看到,说明书上写明,退热贴是靠水凝胶的水汽挥发带走热量。据王天成介绍,市面上常见的退热贴有很多种,因为温度低于人体温度,因此贴到孩子额头上后,通过接触传导可以起到降温作用。有些退热贴还添加了薄荷、冰片等中成药成分,像清凉油一样有“使皮肤感觉清凉”的作用。“退热贴不是药物,算是一种辅助医疗手段。”王天成说,本质上,它就是一种物理降温方式,和影视剧里常出现的“把湿毛巾盖额头上”没什么不同。除了退热贴之外,温水沐浴、酒精擦身、敷冰袋等物理降温的做法也很常用。

但事实上,发热是身体在细菌、病毒刺激下的防御反应,是对免疫系统的刺激和启动。物理降温并不能从根本上治疗发热,只能局部暂时降低身体温度,而且使用不当甚至可能给孩子带来新的危害。

北京协和医院主任医师宋红梅在讲解小儿发热的科普文章中就曾提到:小儿皮肤很嫩,皮下毛细血管比较丰富,体表面积又相对较大,全身擦酒精还可能带来中毒隐患。而用冰袋敷颈部、腋下、腹股沟等大血管通过的部位的确能带走一些热量。但高烧的小孩身体本来就很热,忽然接触过凉的冰袋会引起寒颤,这时肌肉收缩产生的热量不一定比冷敷带走的热量少,而且会引发孩子不舒服的感受。此外,王天成也提到,有小孩对退热贴过敏的情况,有些小孩在贴上退热贴后皮肤发红发痒,出现过敏症状,家长需要密切注意。

王天成表示:“其实在孩子发热时,家长可以给小孩适当少穿一点、加强空气对流、多喝温开水或温盐水帮助孩子出汗,都可以让他们尽快退热。”

普通发烧不会烧坏脑子

至于谈之色变的“烧坏脑子”,接受采访的儿科医生都表示这个说法“不大科学”:发热本身不是一种“病”,而是一种“症状”,它可能由颅内感染(也就是脑炎)引起,可能由肿瘤引起,也可能由其他疾病引起。只要不是超过41摄氏度的超高热或长期发热,就不至于“烧坏脑袋”。

而且人的体温会通过血液的流动达到平衡,并不是贴块退热贴,把额头一小块皮肤的温度降低了一点,就能把颅内的温度也降低。宋红梅也讲到,退热贴“只作用于额头一小片体表面积,且额头下毛细血管很细,带走的热量很少,还可能给孩子造成不舒服”,因此,“治疗儿童发热首要的原则是提高孩子的整体舒适度,而不是把重心放在维持正常体温上。”宋红梅说。

王天成建议,孩子体温到了38摄氏度就应及时使用退烧药。多喝水多出汗,重复给药,孩子发热“病情很急却未必很重”。

据他解释,孩子发烧温度上升得快,并且越是体质较好的小孩,发热反应会越强烈,温度也更高,因此稍早使用美宁、布洛芬等退烧药可以更快把体温控制住,避免高热惊厥的发生。

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