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反正美军最厉害?评点人类史上6支最强陆军

2017-10-12 10:41:27   参考消息网

奥斯曼帝国陆军充分利用火炮和枪支对付敌人,而那时它的许多敌人却仍然使用中世纪的武器。这使之在帝国的年轻时期获得了决定性的优势。火炮助力奥斯曼军队夺取了君士坦丁堡,打败了波斯人和埃及的马穆鲁克人。奥斯曼人的主要优势之一就是利用称为“土耳其禁卫军”的特种精英步兵部队。这些部队的士兵从年轻时期就受到训练,以成为军人,因而在战场高度忠诚,作战卓有成效。

纳粹德国陆军

与第一次世界大战的长期僵持不同,纳粹德国陆军在几个月内就攻占了欧洲中部和西部的绝大部分地区,从而震惊了欧洲和世界。曾有一个时刻,纳粹德国军队甚至看来即将征服庞大的苏联。

德国陆军通过运用创新性的闪电战概念,取得了这些出色战绩,同时利用武器和通信方面的新技术,加上速度、奇袭和集中兵力,取得了惊人的效率。具体而言,装甲和机械步兵部队在近距离的空中支援帮助下,能够突破敌人防线,包围敌军。在第二次世界大战的开始阶段,上述敌军往往受到严重的震慑,被其优势压倒,因而所采取的抵抗行动微乎其微。

实施闪电战需要训练有素的强大力量。而纳粹德国则充分拥有这种力量。正如历史学家安德鲁·罗伯茨所指出:“在几乎整个二战期间,德军的战斗人员及其将领与英军、美军和俄军一对一地相比,在攻守两方面的战绩都大大超过对方。”

虽然纳粹的意识形态和疯狂叫嚣的领导人阻碍了德军的战争努力,但最终使纳粹德国战败的却是资源和人力不足。

苏联陆军

苏联陆军(1946年以前称为红军)与任何其他国家的陆军相比,都在更大程度上扭转了二战的战局。事实上,以整个德国第6集团军的投降宣告结束的斯大林格勒之战,几乎被普遍认为是二战中欧洲战区战局的主要转折点。

苏联在战争中的胜利,及其在二战结束后的40年期间威胁欧洲其他国家的能力,与卓越的技术(除了核武器外)或军事天才(实际上斯大林的军事领导能力绝对是灾难性的,特别是在二战早期,他当时在战前的年代中已经清洗了许多能干的指挥官)毫不相干。

相反,苏联陆军之所以是强大的军事力量,几乎完全是由于其庞大的规模,以及其背后的陆地面积、人口和工业资源。正如纳粹德国问题著名历史学家理查德·埃文斯所解释:“据苏联自己的估计,红军在战争中的损失总共超过1100万人、10万多架飞机、30多万枚炮弹和近10万辆坦克与自行火炮。另外一些权威专家所估计的军事人员损失则高得多,实际上高达2600万。”

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