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民调显示美国政治分裂扩大至多领域

2017-09-11 13:47:10   参考消息网

文章称,的确,特朗普的讲话方式往往与我们所期望的最高民选领导人应具备的尊严不相符。然而,如果反思一下这些抱怨,就会发现这要求我们仔细思考一下,或者是重新思考,我们应当需要什么样的政治与文化。

美国总统尊严遭挑战

首先,我们应认识到,有尊严的总统需要有尊严的政治。一个人的尊严通常依赖的是自尊的行为。因此,即便遭受了极不公正的待遇,一个人仍可以保持某种自尊。

然而,总统等公职身份的尊严既依赖于公职人员的行为,也依赖于其他人的行为。公职人员的尊严与民众对其尊重程度有关。这种尊重不仅会受到公职人员不光彩行为的影响,而且还会受到其他民众对其持否定态度的影响。

文章称,公正地讲,我们必须承认,特朗普的很多敌人对其进行猛烈的言语攻击也破坏了总统应有的尊严。因此,我们发现一些人甚至在肆意嘲笑特朗普可能犯有“叛国罪”。

文章称,这种情况不仅仅发生在特朗普身上。奥巴马总统和布什总统也曾受过严厉的批评,而且还遭到很多人的仇视和讥讽。总统的尊严不仅要求总统本人的举止更为得体,而且还要求政治文化更具尊严。这样的政治文化要求我们所有人——公民、评论者和政治家——在相互争论时养成自我克制和相互尊重的高贵美德。

文章称,除非对文化进行改革,否则这样的变化不可能发生。毕竟,对我们而言,希望我们的政治文化比大众文化更具尊严是不可能的。这并不是说让政治行为准则高于日常生活的行为准则是错误的,尤其是总统的举止。乔治·华盛顿曾试着这样做,而且他给出了极好的理由,即建立和维护对政府的尊重是一个国家所必需的。

大众和政治文化丧失尊严

尽管如此,政治礼仪能在多大程度上高于日常礼仪,这肯定是有一定的限度。人性本身就对此设定了限度。就本质而言,我们人类是好交际的,因此具有模仿性。我们往往会让自己顺应周边最为普遍的情况。因此,文化具有传染性。毋庸置疑,国王总是比他的臣民更具尊严。同时,可以合理地料想,与一个人口高素质国家的国王相比,人口低素质国家的国王会更没面子。

文章称,如果我们确实想要一位有尊严的总统,就需要具备有尊严的文化。然而,近几十年来的趋势却是我们的文化正在失去尊严。尊严已被淡化为不必要的东西,甚至被嘲笑为一种压迫。20世纪60年代美国反文化运动的支持者称礼貌是虚伪的行为,并将对公众行为的规范约束视为对灵魂的暴政。

50多年来,很多具有相当社会影响力的个人和组织已让与道德有关的行为规范成为嘲讽的对象,更不用说守旧的精英分子更为优雅的举止。他们会说,灵魂的原始冲动好于旨在限制这种冲动的规矩,因此为了释放冲动,打破规矩是好事。

文章称,那些曾不遗余力鼓吹这种人生观的人现在却对特朗普感到很震惊。他们为什么会这样?套用亚伯拉罕·林肯的一句话,如果我们想让总统很有尊严,就“必须有新思维、新行动”。在思想上,我们必须摒弃那种认为有尊严的文明规则压迫灵魂而非升华灵魂的观念。在行动上,我们必须重新赋予大众文化以尊严——坚信并努力实现与一个伟大共和国的文明公民相称的尊严。

文章称,如果我们不为实现这样的尊严而努力,从长远看就没有理由期望总统们做到这一点。

责任编辑:高宗影 CN060
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