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皇家寺庙万寿寺

2017-09-14 10:54:19   北京日报

太监冯保(1543-1583年),衡水市赵家圈乡冯家村人。嘉靖年间入宫,万历年间,因知书达礼,协理李太后负责小皇帝的教育。由秉笔太监晋升为掌印太监后,与李太后合谋攻讦排挤了朝廷首辅高拱,以张居正取而代之。

张居正(1525-1582年),湖广江陵人。自幼聪颖,十二岁投考生员、十六岁中举、二十二岁中进士。隆庆时任吏部左侍郎兼东阁大学士,万历初年取代高拱为首辅。得知李太后崇佛,便把皇宫保和殿划归给她用于许愿和施舍,还把万历当成儿子严加约束,得到摄政李太后的宠信。当国十年裁减庸官冗员,整理全国税捐,推行“一条鞭法”,增加国库收入。任用名将戚继光、李成梁等,加强华北、边镇防务。关于他的作为和成就,民间传说除了其建功立业的志向,还应有美女太后的催化。

李太后笃信佛教。万历14岁下旨为李太后建慈寿寺时,皇宫瑞莲盛开,李太后视为吉兆,命人写下“瑞莲赋”。曾多次口述梦中九首菩萨向她传授的九莲经,称自己是“九莲菩萨”转世,还按照她的模样塑造了九莲菩萨金身,安置在慈寿寺的后殿。

万历15岁时,命司礼监冯保把始建于唐代的聚瑟寺改名万寿寺,督建成为皇家寺庙。同时把汉经厂的永乐大钟迁到万寿寺,专门建造方形钟楼,每天由六个和尚专司撞钟之职,“昼夜撞击闻声数十里,其声时远时近”。

众所周知,永乐大钟为中国青铜钟王,传闻朱棣登基后,派军师姚广孝收集百姓刀枪铸成。大钟内外铸满他晚年潜心撰写的《诸佛世尊如来菩萨尊者神僧名经》和其他佛经咒语,以弘扬佛法,巩固明王朝的统治。他还曾下令,每遇重要节日,文武百官都要身披袈裟,像僧人一样到汉经厂撞钟诵经。

万历成年亲政后,被封为“九莲菩萨”的李太后遂寄情宗教,不再干预朝政,直到万历四十二年去世,终年70岁,与隆庆皇帝及陈皇后合葬在昭陵,谥号孝定太后。

万历皇帝朱翊钧(1563-1620年),支持张居正实行“一条鞭法”等改革措施,主持了著名的“万历三大征”,即平定蒙古人叛乱的宁夏之役、抗击日本丰臣秀吉政权入侵的朝鲜之役、平定苗疆土司反叛的播州之役。巩固了疆土,开创了“万历中兴”,有勤勉明君之风。但在张居正去世之后,却对其及冯保进行了无情的惩处,查抄两家的资产搬入宫中享用,还派出宦官四处搜刮民财。他30年不出宫门、不理朝政,不郊、不庙、不朝、不见、不批、不讲,内阁“人滞于官”“曹署多空”,朝廷运转几乎停摆。一天娶“九嫔”、终日幸“十俊”,沉湎酒色、穷奢极欲,朝廷因党争日益腐败,东北女真乘虚兴起,内忧外患,大明渐衰。万历四十八年崩,终年56岁,庙号神宗,葬定陵。

永乐大钟在万寿寺悬挂后,因有传言说城西钟声会带来灾难,明熹宗降旨拆除钟楼,“卧钟于地”。直到清军进入北京,有人论证说“大钟属金、北方属水、金水相生”,雍正皇帝决定将此钟移至京北风水宝地觉生寺。1743年移钟工程完成,乾隆题匾“华严觉海”,大钟至今悬挂在上圆下方的两层钟楼,觉生寺也因此称为大钟寺。

万寿寺被乾隆定为给皇太后祝寿的庆典场所,曾三次在寺中为其母祝寿,故先后两次进行大规模修葺扩建。光绪初年毁于火灾成为菜圃,光绪二十年重修万寿寺为行宫,为庆贺慈禧六十大寿进行了第三次重修。慈禧来往颐和园时会在万寿寺拈香礼佛,在西跨院行宫吃茶点,清廷皇族也常常在此驻足休息,故有“万寿寺为小宁寿宫”之称。

万寿寺在上个世纪20年代开始荒芜,1934年,在万寿寺内开办东北难民子弟学校,并曾成为军队驻地。1979年公布为北京市文物保护单位,1987年8月辟为北京艺术博物馆,收藏新石器时代、战国、秦汉、明清和现代的各类艺术珍品。1994年4月,万寿寺以修葺一新的寺庙建筑对社会开放,千年古寺再现青春芳华。

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