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仇深似海!历数史上俄土之间10次重要战争(组图)

2015-11-25 11:57:22   环球网

第七次俄土战争中阿陀斯战役油画

第七次俄土战争(1806年-1812年)

1806年,奥斯曼帝国受到法国拿破仑一世的支持,加上俄国在奥斯特利茨会战中遭到惨败,决定对俄国进行军事行动,以夺回对瓦拉几亚和摩尔达维亚两地的控制权。不久,米哈伊尔•库图佐夫接管了俄军指挥权,他制定了一次大胆的诱敌战术,以期尽快解决战事来抽调主力北上防备拿破仑。10月2日,两军决战,土耳其军彻底崩溃,并于11月23日向俄军投降。土耳其于1812年5月28日承认战败,签定《布加勒斯特条约》,割让比萨拉比亚。

第八次俄土战争油画

第八次俄土战争(1828年-1829年)

1828~1829年的俄士战争是欧洲列强瓜分兴起于亚洲西部、后向欧洲东南部和非洲北部地区扩张的奥斯曼帝国在巴尔干地区的属地的斗争所引起的。此时正值希腊人摆脱土耳其统治的希腊独立战争,俄国趁火打劫,法国也支持希腊,英国诗人拜伦率领一支志愿军赴希腊作战,土耳其与埃及联军战败。1829年9月,俄土双方签定《亚得里亚堡和约》,土耳其向俄国割让外高加索沿海的领土。1832年,土耳其被迫承认希腊独立。

塞瓦斯托波尔围城战油画

第九次俄土战争(1853年-1856年)

这次战争因为其最长和最重要的战役在克里米亚半岛上爆发,后来被称为“克里米亚战争”。1854年底英国和法国对俄罗斯宣战,1855年萨丁尼亚加入这个同盟。奥地利迫使俄罗斯从多瑙河撤军,但并没有帮助英法围攻克里米亚上的塞瓦斯托波尔要塞的舰队。塞瓦斯托波尔被围攻近一年后英法联军占领了这个重要的堡垒,此后俄军退出克里米亚半岛。最后签署的巴黎和约使俄罗斯丧失了几乎历次对土战争的成果,这也是土耳其在对俄作战中取得的唯一一次胜利。

图为1877年俄土战争中的影像

第十次俄土战争(1877年–1878年)

1877年4月24日,俄国向土耳其宣战,从巴尔干半岛及高加索两地发动进攻。俄军主力进入罗马尼亚后,6月及7月在不同地点渡过多瑙河,12月攻占土军重要据点普列文,次年1月逼近土耳其首都君士坦丁堡,土耳其被迫接受俄国提出的和平条件,最后1878年欧洲列强在柏林举行了柏林会议并以《柏林条约》取代《圣士提法诺条约》,保加利亚、东鲁梅利亚改由土耳其保护,土耳其赔款2亿卢布。

图为1914年奥斯曼土耳其帝国的士兵

高加索战役(1914–1918)

高加索战役也被认为是第十二次俄土战争,它是第一次世界大战的一部分,是奥斯曼土耳其帝国和俄罗斯帝国在高加索至小亚细亚东部地区的战争。之后阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚等相继卷入,1918年3月3日,俄国和土耳其签订布列斯特-立陶夫斯克条约,两国停战。但土耳其和里海舰队中央委员会独裁政权及亚美尼亚山区共和国和大英帝国则直到1918年10月30日才停战。

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