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日媒:日本难调解南海争端 但可支持越南对抗中国

2014-11-28 16:45:03   环球网

事实上,越南并没有充分发挥这些战略的能力,其行动的强度及规模都在随时间发生变化。在从1990年到2008年的大部分时间里,越南并没有试图国际化战略南海问题。在此期间,这些战略中最突出的就是渐进而低调的自我克制、自我约束和团结战略。自2009年,不断紧张的局势改变了越南战略的强度及规模,现在其侧重强化南海军事存在和国际化南海问题。总的来说,越南的南海问题战略结合了威慑与安慰的方法。虽然有稳定作用,但这种“对冲”方法也存在问题:威慑和安慰并行会破坏两种战略的可靠性。在过去几年里,这种方法已经被证明越来越无效。

美或加大介入南海事务力度

美国对南海地区有着浓厚的兴趣,是该地区外部利益相关者之一。自2010年以来,美国领导人一再声明,南海地区航海自由攸关美国国家利益,美国对和平合法的解决南海争端有浓厚的兴趣。美国经济和美国的全球力量以及其在亚太地区的主导地位,不同程度地取决于南海水域的自由航行及和平。

事实上,封锁南海对美国经济的影响极高。南海对美国的全球力量而言更加重要。南海是西太平洋的关键部分,而美国在西太地区的海上霸权对其在印度-太平洋地区的主导地位而言是至关重要的,而其在印度-太平洋地区的主导地位,又是以美国为首的自由世界秩序的主要支柱。值得注意的是,南海与美国利益关联是摸不着、看不见的,很难说服美国民众相信南海对美国利益的重要性。

美国在南海问题上的承诺是有限的,因为在经过两场代价不菲的战争和一场严重的经济危机后,美国需要喘息的空间。中国已经采取行动,利用这一力量真空,加剧其在亚太地区行动。

日本或可促成多国反华同盟

日本对南海的兴趣主要源于其对南海水道的依赖,以及其对美国领导的地区秩序的青睐。如果中国主导这一要道,那么中国就能够切断日本60%的能源供给,就有可能会取代美国成为新地区秩序的领导者。对于日本而言,以中国为首的地区秩序很可能不如当前地区秩序自由,不如当前地区秩序对日本有利。因此日本与美国和越南一样,对维持地区现状抱有浓厚兴趣。那么,日本能够在维护南海稳定方面发挥什么样的作用?

首先,日本--和美国--不适合扮演解决南海争端的调解人。诚实的调解人必需得到争端双方的信任,首先日本很难得到中国的信任,尤其考虑到日本本身就与中国在东海存在争端。其次,日本无法发挥外部威慑的作用。没有核武器,而且在经济上还严重依赖中国,这样的日本根本无法阻止中国。

因此,平衡是日本唯一能够发挥的作用。日本愿意支持越南反对中国,在中越最近的石油钻井平台危机后,日本向越南提供海岸警卫队船只就是一个例子。不过,即便是与越南联合,日本就有能力制衡中国吗?这是一个有趣的问题,需要更多的研究,但从两国军事及经济联合后的综合实力来看,这是不可能的。中国对日越联盟拥有几个关键优势,最明显的就是中国拥有核武器,而且在亚洲经济中扮演中心角色。

日本在南海问题上发挥的最有效的作用就是促使美国、越南、菲律宾以及其他致力于维持现状的国家形成联盟。在亚太地区,只有以美国为首的联盟能够制衡中国。鉴于南海攸关日本利益,所以日本可能会愿意扮演这个角色。但有一个问题:由于无论从地理距离,还是从心理距离上来看,美国与南海的距离都很远,所以华盛顿可能最不愿意成为这个联盟的成员。这可能是阻止联盟单方面升级冲突的因素,也可能是促使中国低估了其竞争对手并采取危险性挑衅行为的因素。

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