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实行“三步走”战略积极稳妥去杠杆 国企仍是重中之重

2017-10-12 07:32:54   

国企去杠杆仍是重中之重

虽然我国总杠杆率上升速度明显放缓,趋于稳定,但杠杆率分化较显著。数据显示,非国有企业资产负债率为52%,低于平均水平,且有明显下降的趋势;国有企业达61%,仍处高位。

张晓晶指出,目前,国有企业总债务占全部非金融企业债务的比例仍在上升,根据从国资部门了解到的数据,国企总带息负债约占80%左右,国企债务占全部非金融企业债务规模的比例达62%。

“去产能、去杠杆的长效机制依赖国企改革,也是破解其中诸多难题的核心所在。”社科院财经院综合经济战略研究部助理研究员刘诚认为,国企改革与去产能、去杠杆存在千丝万缕的内在联系和外在联系,有必要从国企改革角度切入,深入洞察供给侧改革的微观结构变化。

“未来国企去杠杆仍是重中之重,只有国企去杠杆取得成绩,才能有效缓解杠杆率错配带来的风险。”张晓晶说。

国家发改委有关负责人表示,下一步,将把国有企业降杠杆率作为主攻方向,研究建立严格的分行业负债率警戒线管控制度,以体制机制改革逐步降低国有企业杠杆率。把僵尸企业出清作为降杠杆重要途径,切实破除“僵尸企业”僵而不死的各类障碍,推动通过市场化、法治化实现“僵尸企业”“安乐死”。推动市场化债转股进一步发挥综合性作用,使债转股成为降低企业杠杆率的利器,并以债转股为契机推动企业尤其是国有企业改革改组改制。同时进一步支持企业兼并重组,提高综合竞争力。

去杠杆应实行“三步走”

专家表示,未来积极稳妥去杠杆,应实行“三步走”战略:在短期内实现杠杆率增速趋缓,从快速的攀升到缓慢的爬升;在中短期,是实现总杠杆率基本稳定,即总杠杆率从趋升到趋稳,在此期间,重点在于杠杆率内部结构的调整;在中长期,实现总杠杆率的趋降。

张晓晶指出,要实现积极稳妥去杠杆的“三步走”战略,就需要从根本上改变信贷驱动增长的模式。摆脱信贷驱动增长的模式,根本在于转变发展方式,即由投资主导转向消费主导。只要增长以投资为主,那么就需要靠信贷推动,从而带来杠杆率的不断攀升;如果增长以消费为主,靠的主要是收入推动,其关键在于收入分配而不是信贷增长,尽管信贷增长也会带来收入增长,但由此带来的收入差距扩大问题则更为严重。

“摆脱信贷驱动增长模式,还要纠正杠杆率错配问题,提高资金利用的效率。”在常欣看来,杠杆本身无所谓好坏,关键是杠杆配置是否体现了效率原则,当前我国杠杆率的主要问题不再总量而在结构,即有限的金融资源,资金杠杆配置到了一些低效率的企业或其他市场主体,导致资金收益率下降。因此,应对的策略就是把有限的信贷资源更多配置到有效率的企业,包括以更市场化的方式配置信贷,同时推进国有企业改革。

中信建投分析师黄文涛认为,“强监管+中性货币”可能是当前主动去杠杆的最优组合。一方面,有助于维持资金面紧平衡,提高资金进入资产市场和高杠杆企业的成本,防止流动性过于宽松而导致信用过度扩张;另一方面,可以避免政策过于收紧而引起市场不必要的恐慌。当然,“强监管+中性货币”政策效果可能需要一段时间才能显现,这需要政策部门保持必要定力,并加强与市场沟通,做好预期引导。同时,需要央行提高调控能力,把握好力度和节奏,真正做到不紧不松。

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