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规模升至全球第二 5.86万亿货基双面之惑

2017-09-26 08:42:54   中国经济网

启示:过度追求收益率埋下危机

货基教父人生的起伏,充分反映出拥有多个光环的货基并非绝对安全,也给了大众更多的启示。

天风证券一位分析师认为,2008年的货基流动性危机,从直接原因来看,信用事件是导火索。当时投资者判断,如果雷曼兄弟破产,其发行的商业票据将一文不值,而Reserve Fund持有大量雷曼兄弟商业票据,或面临巨大损失。因此,投资者出于恐慌纷纷将基金份额赎回,短短两天之内,该基金就收到近40亿美元的巨额赎回申请,基金管理人无力提供足够的流动性支持,最终不得不宣布基金跌破面值。

但更深层原因是,基金管理人对高收益的追逐加大了投资组合风险。在货基市场竞争日益激烈的背景下,投资经理越来越关注货基的收益率而非流动性,商业票据、公司债券等风险和收益相对较高的资产占比越来越大。比如,Reserve Fund持有正是雷曼兄弟商业票据。

事实上,“特殊的规则设计导致货基本身就非常脆弱,并没有足够的风险防范措施。一方面,摊余成本法下,投资者认为货基是刚性兑付的,具有强烈的赎回冲动。另一方面,货基并没有像银行存款那样设定资本缓冲,当发生挤兑时,如果没有足够的资金来弥补,货基将面临巨大的流动性风险。”上述分析师指出。

据了解,我国货基主要投资于短期货币工具,如国库券、商业票据、银行定期存单、银行承兑汇票、政府短期债券、企业债券等短期有价证券。“也存在一些基金经理为追求较高的收益率,采用激进的投资方式,一旦市场逆转时,风险就会加速暴露。”前述基金市场人士透露。

另外,货基的收益率还与市场利率直接挂钩,高收益率也并非一直能够维持。2016年1月,日本央行推出负利率政策,震惊全球,不到2个月,货币基金市场就出现“关门潮”,管理货基的11家日本资管机构全部计划清盘旗下货基,将变现资金分给投资者。

未来:监管将日趋严厉

“从海外市场经验来看,虽然在较长的时间内,货基都是安全的品种,不过一旦发生流动性危机,货基危机极易扩散,而货基危机往往又伴随着金融危机,两者的负面影响会相互传导,所以货基危机要么不爆发,只要爆发对整个金融市场都是毁灭性的。因此,货基潜在的风险需要提前预防。”一位北方固定收益投资总监认为。

防患于未然,证监会近日发布《公开募集开放式证券投资基金流动性风险管理规定》,相比征求意见稿,新规专门针对货基制定了多个严格的规定。此前,在2013年“钱荒”发生后,监管层也于2015年12月迅速出台了《货币市场基金监督管理办法》。

“我国货基法律法规的核心内容和美国货基的政策已相差不大,这次的新规发布更是细化了此前的大框架。”上述投资总监指出,举例来说,美国对货基进行了分类监管,机构类基金、零售类基金、政府类基金在流动性费用、赎回门槛等多个方面的规定各有不同。我国这次新规也开始了分类监管,其中规定,对单一投资者超过50%的新设货基需符合不得采用摊余成本法对基金持有的组合资产进行会计核算等规定。显然,这是针对机构类货基而提出的高要求。

与此同时,拥有大量散客的余额宝也多次下调个人持有限额,从最初的100万元,下调至25万元,此后又调整为10万元,未来还将继续下调的传闻依然不绝于耳。

魔鬼与天使的双面性自金融业诞生以来就一直如影随形,货基自然也不能幸免。虽然我国货币基金市场的监管环境正发生极大的改变,但仍可预期的是,随着我国货基规模继续扩大,未来的监管还将日趋严厉。

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