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长期股权投资:企业经营的方向盘

2017-09-08 21:26:46   中国经济网

2016年,净利润只有3616万元的美邦服饰,也是采用了舍车保帅的方法,通过出售股权投资实现了5.7亿元的投资收益,才保住了利润为正数。

可见,通过“老朋友”收购有退市风险的上市公司的长期股权投资,然后为上市公司贡献巨额利润,确保上市公司利润无忧,是某些效益不好尤其是濒临退市的公司的调节利润手法。

长期股权投资的特例:债转股

在长期股权投资的实际操作中,一直以来就有一个特殊操作:债转股。2016年10月10日,国务院出台《关于市场化银行债权转股权的指导意见》(下称“《指导意见》”),对债转股进行了规范性指导。其核心内容是:鼓励金融资产管理公司、保险资产管理机构、国有资本投资运营公司等多种类型实施机构参与开展市场化债转股。言外之意,不鼓励银行直接参与债转股。

第一种方式:借道第三方资产管理公司发行基金实现债转股。

以武钢集团为例,2016年10月11日(《指导意见》发布第二天),武汉钢铁(集团)公司与建设银行共同设立的武汉武钢转型发展基金(合伙制)出资到位,基金规模120亿元。

按照方案,武汉武钢转型发展基金共两只,将分阶段设立,总规模240亿元,用途主要是帮助武钢集团降低杠杆率,降低财务成本。武钢和建行出资比例为1:5,即武钢集团出资20亿元,建行募集社会化资金100亿元。转型发展基金资金用途包括部分直接投资武钢集团子公司股权,也包括承接武钢集团到期债务,也就是说基金的用途之一是进行债转股,债转股的债权是银行贷款。

由于《指导意见》不允许银行直接操作债转股,因此,建行采用“子公司设立基金”模式,这样一方面可以风险隔离,另一方面也可以更好地将债转股的利益保留在本行体系内。

截至2016年上半年,武钢集团资产总额1724亿元,总负债为1272亿元,其中流动负债高达1067亿元,资产负债率为73.7%。预计通过基金降杠杆措施后,资产负债率降低约10个百分点至行业平均65%的负债率。集团旗下上市公司武钢股份,与宝钢集团合并。

武钢集团的债转股主要是通过股权基金化实现的,因此,退出方式主要是投资的子公司未来上市或者装入主板的上市公司中,通过二级市场退出或者通过新三板、区域股权交易上市等方式退出。此外,建行与武钢签订远期回购协议,双方约定,如果未来管理层业绩不达到预期,国企集团将对股权进行回购,建行方面由此退出。

建行通过该项操作将债权变成了股权,大大降低了风险,而武钢借此盘活了资金,减轻了偿债压力,皆大欢喜。

第二种方式:直接将股东的欠款债转股。

另一种比较典型的债转股方式是中国一重,2016年10月12日(《指导意见》发布第三天),中国一重发布公告声称,根据定增预案,中国一重拟以每股4.85元的价格,向公司控股股东一重集团非公开发行31978.29万股,募集资金总额15.51亿元,将全部用于补足公司因偿还一重集团委托贷款和往来款15.51亿元所形成的资金缺口。一重集团将以现金方式认购本次非公开发行的全部股份,认购资金来源为各部委历年下拨的国拨资金。

中国一重没有经过任何第三方,直接将对一重集团的欠款变更为股权,一重集团账面上的应收账款摇身一变成了长期股权投资,这样的债转股方案操作简洁明快。

总而言之,读懂了财报里的长期股权投资,就读懂了这家企业的经营方向:是专心致志的在本企业擅长的领域施展拳脚求发展,还是做一些让人看不懂的眼花缭乱的投资来保壳?

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