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另外,在需求增长的同时,我国煤炭供给增长有限。尽管2016年中以来,我国煤炭需求出现上涨,但我国依然在落实煤炭去产能的总体战略,煤炭去产能的工作一直没有停止。2017年我国煤炭退出产能达1.5亿吨。7月18日发改委表示上半年煤炭去产能1.11亿吨,已完成年度任务74%。截至7月底共退出煤炭产能1.28亿吨,完成年度目标任务量的85%。其中,内蒙古、辽宁、江苏、福建、河南、广西、重庆7个省(区、市)已超额完成全年目标任务。此外,还有一些其他因素,如安全等方面的原因,制约了煤炭供给的增长。因此,从供给来看,煤炭产量释放受限。
尽管我国煤炭上市公司经营情况有所改善,但也要看到,我国依然处在经济转型时期,不会再出现高增长,煤炭需求也难以持续增加,煤炭产能过剩的局面并未有实质性的改变。因此,国家对煤炭行业供给侧去产能的改革目标未变,如果不通过强有力的改革推动企业发展,一旦市场环境变化,企业的经营还会遇到困难。
同时,由于火电为煤炭的最大用户,随着煤炭价格的上涨,火电企业的经营困难显著增加。从今年半年报来看,在煤炭上市公司业绩全面好转的同时,火电上市公司经营业绩全面下滑。数据显示,今年上半年30家火电行业上市公司营业总收入增长18.3%,但营业总成本上升35.6%,利润总额下降20.4%,归母净利润下降高达72.4%。同时,销售毛利率下降54%,成本费用利润率下降高达86%。
总之,从半年报的数据来看,煤炭与火电两个行业依然处于此消彼长的“零和博弈”状态,双方的矛盾依然存在,这需要通过进一步改革来解决。目前我国国有企业混改已经开始,神华和国电的合并也已经实现,这将是今后改革的主要方向。只有通过国企改革,促使煤电双方相互参股,逐步走上一体化能源发展的道路,才能从根本上化解双方的矛盾,实现共同发展,从而有利于保障国家能源安全。
(邢雷 作者系中央财经大学煤炭上市公司研究中心主任)
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