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金融如何促进实体经济发展

2017-08-30 07:50:29   新华网

两件事情放在一起,都与实体经济和企业相关。两件事都必须做、都该做,但是其结果是什么?关注金融风险,站在金融风险的角度看看这两个方面的进展,得出的结论是什么,第一,它们都是不可持续的,怎么能指望政府通过持续增发国债来给企业减税降费呢。要让减税降费的路持续下去,真正感受到减税降费的好处,让税收制度改革真正落地,让企业税负重的格局真正有所松动、有所改进,其实在目前的中国只有一件事该做也必须做,那就是加快推进直接税的改革。迄今为止,纳入到直接税改革清单的税种就是两个,一是个人所得税,个人所得税要走综合制的道路。其二是房地产税。现在中国这块土地上除了重庆和上海两个城市之外,其他地方个人缴纳的房地产税是0。由0起步,在这个基础上征多少税,哪怕房地产税率定为0.1%、1‰,它也是加税。当这样的改革进入到我们视野的时候,可以发现,它们的难度非常之大。

不过,考虑到中国必须发展实体经济,考虑到中国企业税负重的格局必须有所改进,也考虑到中国的税收制度必须走和世界税收制度发展相融合、相协调的道路,千难万险,我们也得从脚下的个人所得税实行综合制、房地产要开征这样一个路子开始起步,从而收获既定的改革目标,同时又不加剧甚至牢牢守住不发生系统性区域性金融风险的底线。

华夏银行行长张健华:

去杠杆关键要分清去谁的杠杆

中国的杠杆问题主要出在产业部门,居民家庭债务率不高,政府债务率安全可控。银行业是否高?金融业是否高?按照中国银行业整体的资本充足率来算,包括拨备,目前账面上是足够的,可以说是稳健的。真正能够用资产负债表承担债务的就是银行。

所以,要判断我们的债务水平到底高不高,主要是看银行,这是企业性质决定的;也是因为中国的金融体系还是以银行业为主,归根到底,银行稳中国金融就能稳住,银行不稳中国金融就会乱。现在,中国的银行已经大而不能倒了,杠杆率是否高需要细分对待。杠杆本身没有罪,它的问题在于是不是会引发问题,我们现在关心的是杠杆是不是过高了。中国银行业的杠杆率从微观看并不高,同时我们也看全行业杠杆率,比如用全部银行业的资本占总的账表内总资产的比例,就可以简单算出一个杠杆率。

所以,首先不要简单评价有杠杆好不好,而是要看杠杆高到什么程度,能不能承受?第二,杠杆是否合理,怎么产生的,来源于什么?比如金融业现在谈得很多的是金融同业业务,所谓金融去杠杆,那么金融同业业务是不是都该限制?这是一个值得讨论的话题,因为大家的业务和产品都不一样,但每个机构都希望给客户提供全方位服务。但是我没有那么多牌照,我加强和信托、证券、基金等机构的合作,是否被允许?现在我在行内强调一点,未来华夏银行的发展要贯彻国家“十三五”时期最新的发展理念,叫作开放共赢、共享,其中就包括合作,不应简单地认为同业间合作就会导致产品复杂化。首先要看产品是不是真正复杂到最后谁都看不懂了,通常来说咱们的产品还没有复杂到那种地步。监管部门只要下点决心,就能查清责任和风险应是谁来承担的。

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