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证监会减持规则越织越密 专家回应误读:防牛栏关猫

2017-07-04 09:51:54   法制日报

证券法第38条规定:“依法发行的股票、公司债券及其他证券,法律对其转让期限有限制性规定的,在限定的期限内不得买卖”。

此外,证监会2016年1月7日发布的减持规定以及沪深交易所的实施细则,存在规范不严密的“牛栏关猫”现象。

出台新规于法有据

有学者认为,证监会出台减持规定限制了股东持有公司股份的自由,没有法律依据。

张远忠说,证监会已连续三年出台减持规则,2017年新规是对旧规的修改与完善,并非突然出现的。2015年,针对股市异常波动、作为国家整个救市计划的一部分出台关于减持的规范性文件,无可非议;2016年股市运行平稳,作为上市公司的大股东、董监高,违背法律法规规定减持时有发生,证监会出台若干规定有必要;但是,这个规定虽起到一定作用,但违法违规减持不仅未减少,而且更为隐蔽。不仅大股东,通过原始持股和后续购买股份达到一定份额的股东也存在类似问题,因此新规应运而生。

从法理上讲,新规出台有法律依据,即公司法证券法的相关规定。公司法第144条规定,上市公司的股票,应当依照有关法律、行政法规及证券交易所交易规则上市交易。张远忠说,这是出台新规的直接法律依据。“上市交易包括买卖股票,减持自然是一种交易行为”。

同时,证监会出台新规,也是对证券法第86条、第98条以及公司法第141条有关转让限制等法律条文的细化。

有专家分析,不仅我国有关于减持规定,美国、香港等有关境外证券市场大多也从限售期、减持方式、减持数量、信息披露等多个方面,对大股东及董监高的减持行为进行规范和限制。这是股份上市交易后所应有的转让形态,证监会的规定和交易所的规则,与境外相关减持规定一样,从股份上市交易的本质特征出发,对减持活动进行规范,这是股份上市交易后透明公平有序转让的必然要求,并不存在剥夺或减损股东的实质性股份转让权利的问题。

从中国的现实出发,对相关股东减持进行规范也有充分的理由。上市公司大股东及董监高,大多原本一元钱一股的成本,上市即涨十几倍几十倍,从一级市场得到股票,拿到二级市场或通过大宗交易套现,既不公平也不合理。

“既然证券法公司法都对上市公司相关股东减持有规定,证监会依法出台规范性文件、交易所出台自律规则,有何不妥?”张远忠说。

新规处罚力度未减

有学者认为,证监会今年出台的新规,降低了对违规违法减持者的处罚力度,突出的表现在新规第13条。称证券法第204条规定的是“违反法律规定,在限制转让期限内买卖证券的责令改正,给予警告,并处以买卖证券等值以下的罚款”,而新规第13条的规定要比证券法规定轻得多。

新规第13条为:上市公司股东、董监高未按照本规定和证券交易所规则减持股份的,证券交易所应当视情节采取书面警示等监管措施和通报批评、公开谴责等纪律处分措施;情节严重的,证券交易所应当通过限制交易的处置措施禁止相关证券账户6个月内或12个月内减持股份。

张远忠分析说,新规第13条针对的是沪深两交易所应采取的监管措施,而非证监会。沪深交易所作为自律组织,没有处罚权,只能依各自的减持规则在其权限内进行处分或限制交易。

张远忠认为,纵观新规全部条文,证监会在新规中,既没有创设新的监管权限,也未放弃法律法规赋予的权力,所采取的每项监管措施,也都是依法而为。

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