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集装箱共享才能真正实现多式联运

2017-06-27 17:44:40   经济参考报

众所周知,国内公路运输的集装箱化需求并不大,主要是因为受集装箱的尺寸约束,货车难以超载,而这正是目前公路运输最大的竞争法宝;港口企业出于航线及船期问题考虑,更乐于在集装箱联运中对接公路运输特别是疏港公路运输;铁路运输则因为与海运及水运在集装箱运输的设施设备标准、适运标准(包括计费标准)等方面存在差异性,导致船公司及货代企业通用的自备箱(SOC)、船东箱(COC)、单程箱(OWC)等集装箱,无法在铁路运输上循环共享,只能被迫在衔接点拆箱或者重新配重。此外,联运过程中还夹杂异地还箱、空箱集配、逾期费用等具体操作问题。

物流业的优化途径就是网络化经营、一体化运作,通过物流各环节高效衔接来减少各环节的无效作业,其中集装箱的高效共享与循环使用是成功运行多式联运最为核心的商业技巧和技术关键。清华大学学者刘大成提出,可以基于NB-IoT技术,用“新集装箱+封闭式可组合分箱”的方式构建“门对门”的第二代多式联运体系。但这一方案需要庞大的资金支持且构建周期较长。目前,可以先从集装箱循环共享的创新入手,快速提升多式联运在全社会货运中的占比,而如何打造一个第三方运营的低成本、高效率、可追踪的共享集装箱平台成为关键。

近几年,市场之手推动行业创新发展最突出的成果就是以互联网及物联网为支撑的“共享经济”。美国优步公司用“互联网+交通”,将闲置车辆资源与无车用户的需求进行对接;而火遍中国的“物联网+无桩共享单车”,则将NB-IoT技术应用于分时共享。

集装箱也同样存在类似的需求市场和供给环境。因此,可以鼓励第三方企业通过设立标准化的通用集装箱平台汇集资本,以低价甚至免费的形式吸引铁路总公司、船公司、货代及公路货运企业使用或租赁集装箱。同时,还可以通过NB-IoT技术,实现还箱点的科学布局和空箱集配。这样一来,不仅降低了集装箱集结点的建设维护成本,以及各行业适箱类货品及配置平衡等技术标准的冲突,还根除了逾期费用及周转性不强等传统方法难以克服的弱点。

不仅如此,基于“共享经济”思维模式的第三方集装箱平台,更容易实现基于“双盲”物流的信息开放共享,既可以对集装箱、运输工具、操作人员作业等进行追踪,也可以实时连通基于集装箱及货品的客户和服务商,构筑客户大数据,从而有效完成物流及供应链生态的全系统优化。

推而广之,对于充电慢且续航里程短的新能源汽车来说,一旦采用第三方换电模式,也将极大地推进新能源汽车的市场普及。

(作者为清华大学互联网产业研究院副院长,工业工程系博士生导师)

(责编:孙博洋、杨曦)

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