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1.根据刑法规定,诈骗罪只处罚自然人,而对于合同诈骗罪,单位和个人均是适格主体。代运营平台一般以代运营公司的名义从事相关诈骗活动,行为上表现出一定的组织性,适用何种罪名,在于是否可能涉及对单位犯罪的刑事追责问题。
2.诈骗罪侵犯的客体是公私财物所有权,系单一客体;合同诈骗罪侵犯的是复杂客体,除了公私财物的所有权外,还侵犯了市场经济秩序及国家对合同的管理制度。第一种行为模式中,代运营平台行为人出于非法占有的目的实施诈骗行为,主观动机当然是占有被害人的财物,而根本不具备实际履约的诚意,即使行为人仅将所涉服务合同视为诈骗手段,根本没有履约的意图,但从客观结果来看,该行为对市场经济秩序造成了一定程度的破坏,应认定为合同诈骗罪。第二种行为模式中,代运营平台行为人与被害人作为服务合同的当事人,双方对以“刷单”为主要服务合同内容的违法性主观上均有明确认知,因该合同违法而自始无效,并不被市场所容许。因此,行为人以该合同实施诈骗,认定其对市场经济秩序的破坏性存在一定困难,应认定为诈骗罪。
3.在认定代运营平台未提供所谓的服务内容是否构成诈骗时,被害人是否受骗是需要考察的重要内容。目前出现的代运营案例中,代运营公司提供不同套餐服务,尽管各种套餐都有刷信内容,但也有其他的服务内容,如帮助设立网店,对网店进行版面设计、推广等。在此种情况下,要结合代运营平台提供的服务内容、项目及获取的金额、被害人认知等进行综合判断。在实践中,有的被害人仅支付了少量费用,尽管代运营公司未为其实际刷信或有效刷信,但帮助其设立网店并对网店进行了版面设计。有的被害人认为,根据其支付的金额,已经获得了相等的回报,并不认为自己受骗。在此种情况下,不宜认定为诈骗罪。如行为人收取了高额费用后根本未提供服务,或提供的服务内容与其承诺有很大差距时,应认定所谓的服务是为了实施诈骗的手段,依法认定为诈骗类犯罪。
(作者:鲍键 沈佩颖 单位:浙江省杭州市人民检察院)
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