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央行研究局局长徐忠:金融安全是改出来的,不是保出来的

2016-12-27 16:51:13   

第一,“以保为主”会固化既有结构性矛盾,导致风险积少成多、积小成大。

“以保为主”将“守住系统性金融风险的底线”曲解为“零风险暴露”。许多本该有序化解的个体性、局部性、短期性风险因素迟迟不能得到处置,可以通过风险暴露而疏导的压力长期得不到释放。市场机制在资源配置中的决定性作用无法发挥,固化并加剧了原有结构性矛盾,导致风险积少成多、积小成大,大而不能倒的风险领域越来越多,系统性风险压力显著加大。

我国房地产市场调控政策是“以保为主”理念的突出表现。一旦房价上涨,则担心风险,采取限购、限贷等行政化色彩较浓的干预手段抑制需求;而一旦经济走弱,希望以房地产投资提振经济增长的时候,又会采取反向措施促进房地产发展。房地产调控政策长期以短期调控目标为导向,而土地财政、供地制度、房产税以及房地产在经济增长和调控中的作用等深层次体制机制改革未实质推进,三四线城市库存未除,一二线城市泡沫又起。

第二,“以保为主”催生道德风险和新的风险点。

“以保为主”主张“零风险暴露”,采取事实上“花钱买稳定”的策略。其结果是微观上隐性担保、刚性兑付盛行,宏观上中央银行最后贷款人无限救助,造成了严重的激励扭曲,催生道德风险:投资者长期缺乏自我保护意识;企业和金融机构因风险不必自担而过度承担风险;监管部门因成本外生的无限救助,存在放松监管的逆向激励。当前,许多金融机构在金融市场上进行高杠杆投资套利,金融市场紧绷下各类意外事件往往形成不小的市场震荡,过分强调市场稳定就可能倒逼央行货币投放,在这一具有明显道德风险特征的制度格局下,影子银行资产规模必然在整体资本水平不足情况进一步扩张,最终导致更高的杠杆率和潜在风险。历史上,我国每次出现金融风险,在治理策略上都是重债务风险处置,轻制度和约束机制建设,必然加剧了刚性兑付和道德风险问题,导致风险反复滋生。

二、金融安全是改出来的

当前我国面临的风险、困难和问题,在相当程度上是因为渐进性改革无法一蹴而就,是改革不彻底、不到位的结果。只有全面深化改革才能有效破除风险和困难背后的体制根源,维护金融稳定和金融安全。

我国实践证明,唯有改革才是从根本上化解风险、破解发展难题的唯一出路。上世纪70年代末,我国坚定地改革开放,解放生产力,为近30年的快速发展奠定了基础。亚洲金融危机之后,我国推进商业银行改革、国企改革、加入WTO等,释放经济活力,创造了稳定高速增长的奇迹。2008年全球金融危机后的保增长政策虽然对短期经济稳定发挥了积极作用,但由于一些重要结构性改革未及时推进,传统经济增长战略和经济结构的内在矛盾有所固化,过度刺激保增长的做法也不利于进一步推进供给侧结构性改革。

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