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“双一流”政策的关键词分析

2017-09-22 07:43:10   央广网

对“世界”这个关键词的具体认识非常重要。随着中国经济实力和国际地位提高,我们当然应该建设若干所能与欧美等世界强国一流大学媲美的世界一流大学与一流学科,但也应考虑在不同地区,包括在东南亚、中亚、印度洋,以及“一带一路”沿线地区与国家,建设一批有影响力和话语权的高水平大学,提高中国在这些地区与国家的声望和引领作用。这对全面和充分参与全球治理体系非常必要,而发达国家和一流大学都非常重视在发展中国家和地区的影响力。从这个角度来说,目前中国某些地方大学,特别是与周边某些地区与国家具有特殊传统关系,包括文化、地缘、族缘、血缘关系等,或已形成某种影响力和话语权的地方大学和学科,也应成为“双一流”建设的重要对象。

“高教强国”指结构,而非排行榜

“双一流”不仅有建设若干所世界一流大学和高水平大学的任务,还有“到本世纪中叶,一流大学和一流学科的数量和实力进入世界前列,基本建成高等教育强国”的目标。所以,“双一流”不仅是若干所重点大学的事,而是全国高等学校的事。然而,当人们提到“高等教育强国”时,常常会想当然地联系到各种大学排行榜,并把其中的TOP100大学及其数量,作为高等教育强国的标志。

这种看法有一定道理,但也有失偏颇。因为,TOP100的大学及其数量只是高等教育强国的必要条件,而并非充要条件。一个国家并不能只依靠若干所这样的大学就能成为高等教育强国。实际上,世界上有一些在不同领域非常著名的高水平大学与学院,并没有进入这些排行榜,如艺术领域的俄罗斯列宾艺术学院、设计行业的顶尖学府罗德岛设计学院等;近年来社会影响力越来越大、号称“小常春藤”的一批美国顶尖文理学院,包括威廉姆斯学院、卫斯理学院、艾姆赫斯特学院等,也是年轻人向往的大学。另一个典型例子则是德国,尽管排行榜中,德国大学的名次并不那么显赫,但德国大学的整体水平却不能不让人佩服。

因此,高等教育强国并不是一个排行榜概念,而是一个结构性概念。这种结构性概念指的是,高等教育强国应是能满足不同层次和类型的人才需要,适应与引领不同地方与行业的发展,以及支撑国家和地方不同战略的高等学校与学科的整体。它应该既有在排行榜中进入TOP100的研究型大学,也有培养技能型人才的高水平大学;既有顶尖的培养博士的大学,也有一流本专科大学和高职院校;既有具备学术影响力的一流学科,也有形成了行业影响力的一流学科;既有基础研究领域的重点学科,也有应用技术方面的前沿学科。它们彼此呼应,相得益彰,形成一个能够服务国家、经济社会发展与人民群众需要的综合性的高等教育体系。

“双一流”方案是高等教育深化改革的创新性政策,需要深入与历史性的理解,关键词的认识则将直接影响“双一流”的成功实施。

《 人民日报 》( 2017年05月18日 18 版)

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