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警察的现场处置权应得到更大支持(图)

2017-09-22 07:27:14   中国青年网

◆当前交警现场处置权

面临严重“失衡”

实践中警察现场处置权的失衡存在两种状态:第一,警察的强制权限很大,范围很广,似乎无所不能,因此警察现场处置权容易被滥用而成为公众呼吁制约的重点;第二,警察现场处置权行使经常遭遇挑战,相对人对警察的执法权威缺乏应有的尊重。不过在交通执法领域,后一失衡才是矛盾的主要方面。

本案中,违停女车主用言语表达不满、以推搡表达抗议、把手里的孩子当作对抗警察执法的筹码和盾牌,期望获得法律责任的减或免,其言行传递的信号意在对权力的行使进行压制。而对于相对方的暴力阻挠,代表公权力的警察做出了过激的反应,真的造成了“没想到”的后果。这意味着由警察现场处置权和相对方权利救济共同构建的非暴力解决机制失效了,均衡就此被打破。

现实中交通违法频发,交通警察现场处置权的行使不断受到挑衅压制,很多交通违法行为的处理往往伴随着相对方的诅咒、谩骂、挑衅,甚至还出现冲撞脱逃、殴打、威胁和伤害交通警察的行为,这说明当前制度运行已经偏离了均衡点──法律规定的界限。在交通治理中公权力才是需要关照的一方,从一般性通则角度,我们应当确立警察执法的现场处置权,基于行政效率原则和成本考虑,警察权具有单方意志性和公定力,杜绝现场的争论和抗拒,甚至为了制止危险或者暴力,警察依照法定授权可行使即时强制权。当然,权力行使的前提是依法,涉事警察为自己的“没忍住”应当承担责任,相信行政处分的特殊预防功能会促使其汲取教训,但暴力抗法的女车主更应因其挑战警察现场处置权而承担暴力抗法的行政甚至刑事责任。

◆对双方责任追究:

以恢复被打破的“均衡”为目标

责任的追究不是目的,而是使均衡回归或者重建,通过行政处罚和处分所具有的一般预防功能实现警察现场执法权的公定力回归。我们重建的执法秩序是:警察面对违法行为,依法定程序告知处罚依据及结果、听取相对方申辩后作出处罚决定,相对方如有不服则进入正式的准司法(复议)和司法(行政诉讼)救济渠道。警察执法的现场处置权不允许相对方在现场挑战。

孩子是无辜的,暴力抗法的违停车主和暴力执法的警察需要各自承担责任,不过责任的大小应以重建均衡(即法律的规定)为目标。目前,上海市公安局松江分局公布了调查和处理结果:对民警朱某给予行政记大过处分;对当事人张某作出警告的处罚决定。其中,对民警的处分依据是《公安机关人民警察纪律条令》第20条第一款“有下列行为之一,造成不良影响的,给予警告处分;情节较重的,给予记过处分;情节严重的,给予记大过处分:(一)在工作中对群众态度蛮横、行为粗暴、故意刁难或者吃拿卡要的;……”根据2007年国务院颁布的《行政机关公务员处分条例》第7条、第8条的规定,行政机关公务员受记大过处分的期间为18个月,在受处分期间不得晋升职务和级别,不得晋升工资档次。对当事人张某的处罚依据是《治安管理处罚法》第50条“有下列行为之一的,处警告或者二百元以下罚款;情节严重的,处五日以上十日以下拘留,可以并处五百元以下罚款:……(二)阻碍国家机关工作人员依法执行职务的;……阻碍人民警察依法执行职务的,从重处罚。”通报中,“在朱某继续开出罚单后,张某开始纠缠民警,并将张贴在车上的罚单撕下捏在手中。朱某告知张某如不服处罚可提请行政复议,后带领辅警驾车欲驶离现场。张某追至警车旁,采取扒车门、拉扯后视镜、用身体顶住副驾驶车门等形式阻止警车驶离。朱某即下车警告张某不得阻碍人民警察执行职务,张某不听劝告开始威胁并推搡执法民警”。那么,“罚单撕下”“阻止警车驶离”“威胁并推搡”行为算不算“情节严重”,作出的警告处罚是否已体现对“阻碍人民警察依法执行职务”的从重处罚呢?

冲突不全是坏事,也是契机,借着冲突的解决,可以进一步澄清权力与权利的边界。但在处理个案时,还是应当有点全局意识,当前警察执法的现场处置权和执法权威可能更应多一点支持。

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