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报告指出:我国碳交易市场履约率不断提高

2017-09-17 14:06:39   中国经济网

推迟完成履约现象普遍

大部分重点排放单位都选择在履约期到来才开始筹备相关工作,甚至面临处罚时才不得不开始准备配额,导致试点地区履约整体推迟,特别是近两年来我国经济增速放缓,企业的免费获得的碳配额较为充裕,这使得企业失去了提前通过碳市场交易购买碳配额而履约的动机,交易期更加集中。作为碳市场最重要的参与方,如果排放单位不能切实地作为利益相关者积极地参与碳市场交易,不仅造成市场流动性和换手率较低,而且进一步导致市场发现价格的功能失灵。

另外,虽然碳市场成立的时间还比较短,但是各个试点纷纷扩大碳市场覆盖行业、降低控排企业的纳入门槛,控排企业的数量越来越多,四川、福建碳市场正式开始运行,另有一些省市已经开始对重点行业的企业进行碳核查,为全国碳市场成立做准备。但是另一方面,我国具备资质的核查机构与核查员数量有限,而各个碳交易试点的两千余家控排企业的核查工作都集中在4—5月份,导致大量核查工作难以在规定的核查周期内完成,从而推迟了企业的履约周期。2013年度的履约期,五个开市的试点地区中,上海是唯一一个准时完成所有履约的试点,北京、天津、广东、深圳四个地区推迟半月到一个半月才完成履约。2014年度的履约期,七个试点地区中,北京、天津、上海、深圳按时履约,湖北、广东、重庆均出现了履约推迟现象,湖北推迟了近两个月才全部完成履约。2015年度的履约期,湖北和重庆再度推迟履约。2016年度,除了天津和广东,其他试点均出现了不同程度的推迟履约行为。

均允许使用CCER进行抵消

北京早在2014年9月率先出台了碳排放权抵消管理办法,在2014年度的履约工作中,有10家单位使用了林业碳汇项目碳减排量,抵消量为6.4万吨二氧化碳当量;有9家单位使用了CCER,抵消量为6万吨二氧化碳当量,抵消机制在今年的履约工作中得到充分实践。

上海使用CCER履约的抵消规则限制条件较少,规则出台较早,因此吸引了不少CCER进入上海市场,2015年在目前全国已签发的四批次共计74个项目中,符合上海抵消条件的减排量约为140万吨,其中约36%的CCER由上海的试点企业购买,并用于履约清缴。

湖北2015年4月出台CCER抵减条件,可使用远期CCER履约。截至2015年7月8日,湖北控排企业共使用了近10万吨CCER履约。

对未履约企业均设有惩罚机制

对于不能按时履约或者未能履约的企业,各试点都制定了相应的惩罚措施,包括罚款、扣除配额、计入失信记录、取消优惠政策等,如深圳未履约企业将受到失信惩罚和取消财政资助处罚,责令限期仍未补缴的,发改委将从其注册登记簿账户中强制扣除与其超额排放量相等的配额,不足部分从其下一年度配额中直接扣除,并对其处以超额排放量乘以当年1月至6月碳市场配额平均价格三倍的罚款。而广东省对于未完成履约的控排企业,将向社会公布企业名单、记入征信系统,同时会在下一年度配额中扣除未足额清缴部分2倍配额,并处5万元罚款。对于履约情况良好的企业,将在财政资金、低碳基金、项目审批等各个方面给予优先支持。天津的处罚制度相对于北京、深圳、广东3个试点来说相当保守,力度不足,天津的惩罚力较弱,未与征信系统连接,企业违约不影响其信用度,也没有资金处罚。

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