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【微观拉萨】让历史永远鲜活 数举并重保护西藏文化遗产

2017-09-15 11:36:51   国际在线

抢救性保护“修旧如旧”的同时,布达拉宫还注重预防性保护。布达拉宫管理处觉旦副处长说,文物保护手段不断升级,运用了越来越多的信息化方式,“原来布达拉宫主要是传统保护,也就是哪个地方坏了、塌了、漏雨了,我们看见了以后才去修。五年前我们开始采取一些科技保护措施,做了布达拉宫的结构监测。第一期结构监测主要是木构件这一块,因为布达拉宫人流量大,木构件的损伤很大,所以我们通过监测数据说话,现在我们旺季每天限流五千人,也是通过监测数据得出来的。我们现在采用了一些科技的手段,除了监测以外,正在研究如何灌浆、防水。我们下一步要完成精准测绘,将布达拉宫的每个通道、每个房间、每个部位都测出来,准确掌握裂缝、下沉等情况,数据采集完成后我们将由被动转为主动,定期对比一下裂缝、损伤和病态情况,可以提前知道哪些地方需要维修。”

抢救和预防并重,运用先进的信息技术进行监测、分析、整理、展示,这些做法已经在西藏文物保护中普及开来。与布达拉宫同属世界文化遗产的罗布林卡,位于拉萨西郊,意为“宝贝园林”,始建于十八世纪四十年代,是一座典型的藏式风格园林,经过二百多年的扩建,绿树成荫、植物多样、建筑别致,是西藏人造园林中规模最大、风景最佳、古迹最多的一个。

罗布林卡管理处处长拉巴次仁介绍说,罗布林卡的保护、发展、管理、利用,历来中央政府都非常重视,有了从中央到自治区的大力支持和保障,文物保护措施与时俱进,“近几年我们通过国家专项基金申请的渠道对文物进行了预防性保护和抢救性保护。在文化遗产地罗布林卡建立了西藏首个文化遗产监测中心,由国家投资一千万做了监测预警项目。我们的监测中心涵盖了文物的建筑、壁画,还有园内的植被、水资源、票务、游客的流量等等大环境的监测,而不是监测某个单一的数据。”

拉巴次仁说,罗布林卡除建筑物外有文物3万余件,大部分是唐卡、佛像、经书,门类齐全,价值很高,因为西藏气候干燥,百分之八十以上的文物保存较好,最大的担心是经书的保护,如果温湿度不合适的话,经书容易掉皮。他说,进行科学监测就是要把可能发生的损坏降到最低。监测中心对佛像、经书、唐卡等不同门类的文物根据相应的标准分类监测,并据此调整适宜的保护环境。同时,监测中心具备四通八达的触角,可以对文物进行全方位、有区别的保护,“我们建了一个监测平台,在各个文物比较集中的部位,如仓库、宫殿,安装了传感器和温湿度监测器,并在室外建设了三十多个广播站,它们监测到的数据传送到平台,由平台统计和分析文物目前的状况,如壁画在不同的天气条件下是否过干或过湿,都能监测得到。”

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