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清宫戏里的这些称呼都错了

2017-09-14 17:16:43   中国青年网

后宫之间,则一般以姐妹相称,但是在正式场合则要称皇后为“主子”, 因为皇后是后宫之主。而皇子、皇女等一般称呼后宫为“某额捏”,如“皇后额捏”“某妃额捏”等。太监、宫女跟后宫对称时,一般称自己的直属主人为“主子”,其他的后宫则称为“某妃主子”“某主子”。后宫们在他称时,一般统称为“主位”。具体的,则可以称之为“某妃主子”“某主子”“某娘娘”。

顺便一提,现在清宫戏里盛行的“小主”称呼,其实在宫里并不怎么适用。清代仆人对年轻的主人,特别是主人下一辈的小主人的称呼一般为“小主儿”,“小主”一词可能就脱胎于此。但比较重要的是,这个称呼应该是一个他称,即不隶属此后宫的仆人对这位后宫的称呼。好似您单位里有一个年轻人当了副总经理,您不是他的直属部下,在私下称呼他为“小经理”。简而言之,这个称呼似乎不大可能作为对称来使用。

在清代,“大人”这个称呼是有特定用法的

如果是已经驾崩的皇帝,皇子皇女便称呼他为“皇考”。其他人则可以称呼他们的庙号、谥号。比如说康熙帝的谥号为“天弘运文武睿哲恭俭宽裕孝敬诚信中和功德大成仁皇帝”,一般简称为“仁皇帝”,庙号则为“圣祖”。故而康熙帝故去后,可以称呼其为“圣祖仁皇帝”“仁庙”,有时又尊称为“圣祖老佛爷”“康熙佛爷”。已故的皇后也是如此,一般称其谥号,如“孝献皇后”“孝圣宪皇后”等。

当然作为常识,谥号和庙号都是人去世之后才获得的,故而绝对不能作为自称或对称……

皇子皇女一般对皇帝、皇后等自称为“儿臣”“子臣”。互相则以兄弟姐妹相称。太监、宫女以及大臣等,对他们或以爵位称呼,或以“阿哥”“公主”“格格”来进行称呼。

清代大臣面对皇帝时的自称特别复杂,很多人只知道“汉人称臣、旗人称奴才”,其实不是那么简单。大体上,清初的自称不严格,臣或者奴才都可以,从乾隆朝之后变得特别严格。您要是作为大臣穿越回去见皇上,请牢记以下三条:1.民人出身的文职大臣,无论公事私事,均自称为“臣”。2.旗人出身的文职大臣,公事自称“臣”,私事自称“奴才”。3.凡是武职,无论是旗人还是民人,也无论私事还是公事,一概自称“奴才”。

至于大臣之间互相的对称,可以称呼职官,也可以称呼字号。如和珅,可以称之为“和中堂”“和相”“和大人”,也可以称之为“和致斋”“致斋”。清代人对于各种职官有各种的别称,经常使用在书面或者口语上,一定要注意区分。如果您不知道对方的官职,则直接称呼姓亦可,如和珅,即称呼为“和爷”,若知道他的排行,则可以称呼为“和二爷”“和四爷”等。

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