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2017未来科学大奖获奖名单公布 潘建伟、施一公、许晨阳获奖

2017-09-09 18:31:40   央广网

“生命科学奖”获奖者施一公在解析真核信使RNA剪接体这一关键复合物的结构,揭示活性部位及分子层面机理作出重大贡献。分子生物学的中心法则是:遗传信息从DNA到RNA再到蛋白质。从酵母到人等所有真核生物的基因含有外显子和内含子,前者是编码蛋白质的DNA序列,后者不含蛋白质编码信息。DNA指导下转录出前体信息RNA后,剪接体将内含子切除,这样得到成熟的信使RNA,后者通过翻译将遗传信息传到其编码的蛋白质的氨基酸序列中。RNA剪接的异常可以导致多种人类疾病。但是,在施一公博士的研究之前,剪接体的近原子分辨率结构没有得到阐明。

应用近年冷冻电镜的技术突破、结合前人对剪接体生物化学和结构生物学研究,施一公博士首先解析了真核剪接体近原子分辨率的结果,第一个揭示了活性部位,很大地推进了我们对剪接体复合物的理解[1,2]。继此,施一公博士解析了剪接过程剪接体三个重要中间过渡复合物的结构[3-6],显示剪接体功能重要的重构和结构基础。施一公实验室还报道了人类剪接体的原子分辨率结构[7]。结合德国马普生物物理化学研究所的Reinhard Lührmann博士和英国分子生物学实验室的Kiyoshi Nagai(長井潔)博士等科学家的贡献,施一公实验室的结构推动我们对剪接过程的机理理解,为治疗剪接体相关的人类疾病提供了结构框架。

“数学与计算机科学奖”获奖者许晨阳在代数几何学上作出了极其深刻的贡献,特别是在双有理几何与奇点及其对偶复形的拓扑结构上取得了卓越的成绩。

许晨阳在与C. Hacon和 J. McKernan的合作研究中发展了具有对数结构的一般型空间序对的有界性理论。 这一理论的一项主要应用是证明了一般型代数簇的自同构群的有限性。这极大地推进了一百多年前Hurwitz在代数曲线情形的古典结果与二十世纪八十年代肖刚在代数曲面情形的工作。这一理论的其他重要应用包括Shokurov的ACC猜想的完全解决,以及在任意维数推广Deligne-Mumford的稳定曲线理论。许晨阳与李驰合作建立了用极小模型纲领研究Fano代数簇的K-稳定性的一种理论架构,可以将涉及K-稳定性的问题归结为特殊检试构型的研究。许晨阳在与C. Hacon的一篇论文中证明在特征为p情形下的三维代数簇上存在多重theta翻转操作(此处p是大于五的素数),推广了日本数学家森重文在特征零情形的工作。在与J. Kollar的合作中,许晨阳发展了用极小模型纲领研究对偶复形的理论;特别,他们研究了具有对数结构的Calabi-Yau序对的对偶复形,证明了其基本群的有限性质,从而解决了Kontsevich-Soibelman猜想在维数不超过四时的情形。

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