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“春秋决狱”的先驱性案例

2017-09-06 18:21:51   中国青年网

▲ 终军像

◤ 汉武帝像

□ 陈灵海 (华东政法大学法律史研究中心教授、法律与历史研究所主任)

近来不少学者对“春秋决狱”的源起提出质疑,认为并非始于董仲舒,这些质疑并非全无凭据。秦朝灭亡前,博士们劝胡亥发兵迎击陈胜、吴广,就引用了《春秋》中的“人臣无将,将即反,罪死无赦”之语。汉景帝时,袁盎以《春秋》中的宋宣公故事为景帝解决立弟还是立子的难题,也是“引经决事”的重要例证。

汉武帝时,少年英才终军(约前133至前112)以儒家经典中的“王者无外”干脆利落地解决了“徐偃矫制案”,是董仲舒以前更具代表性的“引经决狱”案例。

君命有所不受

西汉“文景之治”时期,政府积累了丰厚的财富。汉武帝时代的穷兵黩武,却将储备消耗殆尽。政府没钱东征西讨,只好将卖官鬻爵和盐铁官营作为筹措资金的手段。徐偃是武帝派往山东地区的观风俗使,对当地民生疾苦颇为同情,就以汉武帝的名义,鼓励胶东和鲁国的百姓熬盐炼铁,充分利用资源优势以改善生活。

汉武帝知道后,一时吃不准该奖还是该罚,就派御史大夫张汤调查此事。张汤善于揣摩汉武帝的心思,早年负责审理“陈皇后巫蛊案”,就懂得用“深竟党与”的方法顺应武帝的意旨。现在武帝缺钱,徐偃想法子让百姓得利,皇帝却捞不到好处,自然应当敲打。于是,张汤弹劾徐偃假托皇帝命令,“矫制”令百姓熬炼盐铁,危害极大,应判死刑。

徐偃博学多才,对此早有准备。他力主鼓励百姓熬盐炼铁,属于安社稷、存万民之事,即使并非源于皇帝之命,也是应被肯定的。因为儒家经典《春秋》中早就说过:“大夫出疆,有可以安社稷,存万民,专之可也。”

王者无外

张汤对儒家经典也很感兴趣,担任廷尉的时候,聘任了许多精研《尚书》《春秋》的博士弟子担任廷尉史,以便审理重大案件附以“古义”。但他毕竟是基层小吏出身,没有经过正规训练,在硕儒徐偃面前竟败下阵来。

汉武帝见张汤无功而返,又派终军出马审理此案。终军不但非常年轻,而且口才好,胆子大。唐代王勃《滕王阁序》中的“无路请缨,等终军之弱冠”,赞扬的就是这位少年英才。他第一次进京时,就放弃了进出城门的通行证,扬言不建功业不再出城。一次,汉武帝猎得一头“一角五蹄”的怪兽,随从们都不知为何物,终军别出心裁地将其解释为“白麟”,武帝听了极为满意,就安排他作为最高智囊团的成员,甚至为了庆祝获得瑞兽,特地改元为“元狩”。

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