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四方面厘清零包运输毒品定性难点

2017-09-06 08:17:03   中国青年网

第三,为自吸或为他人吸食而零包运输毒品是否构成犯罪是举证责任的问题。根据刑事诉讼法第49条追诉标准,原则上控方在运输毒品罪主观罪责上的举证责任仅在于证成被告人明知是毒品而运输即可,至于辩方提出是自吸还是为托运人自吸的证成由辩方承担。具体而言,零包运输毒品案件中,以自吸为辩解的,控方需要证实辩方是否是瘾君子,是否与其毒友分享毒品,分享毒品是否能从中获利,两次运输毒品的时间是否违背常人自吸量等;代运人以托运人系自吸为辩解的,辩方至少需要提供托运人的线索,且能被查证属实,而控方需要证实的内容除包括查证属实的托运人是否是瘾君子、是否与他人分享毒品等情形外,如果托运人系贩毒人员,还包括代运人是否有知道托运人贩毒的可能。如果所谓为自吸、他人自吸而零包运输毒品的辩解不成立,则应直接适用运输毒品罪的一般性规定进行定罪处罚。如果无证据证实托运人有扩散毒品的可能性,则应推定代运人系为吸毒人员运输毒品,根据上述分析对累加数量达到较大的代运人才能以运输毒品罪定罪处罚。如果以自吸的辩解不能被推翻,则应推定运输人系自吸,即使零包运输毒品累加达数量较大也不构成犯罪,但单次数量达到较大的仍应以运输毒品罪定罪处罚。

第四,运输毒品罪不需要牟利等特定目的。首先,制造冰毒等一般意义上的毒品构成制造毒品罪未要求具有牟利等特定目的,只要明知是毒品而予以制造即可,同时,贩卖毒品罪的主观方面也不需要以牟利为目的,只是客观上要求通过出售毒品实际获取或将要获取一定的利益,既然如此,也就没有理由要求运输毒品罪的成立应有特定目的。其次,不管是否具有牟利、使毒品进入流通领域等特定目的,明知是毒品而予以运输的行为在客观上已具有危害性,只是在上述特定情形下可以免责或减责而已。最后,代运毒品的可罚性不通过牟利体现。《纪要》规定代购毒品从中牟利的以贩卖毒品罪定罪处罚,同时又规定为吸毒人员代购毒品在运输过程中被查获,对数量较大的可以运输毒品罪定罪处罚,但这并不意味着代运毒品需要从中牟利才具有可罚性。因为,我国不处罚为自吸而零买毒品的行为,这就决定代购毒品并从中牟利的才具有可罚性,才能被定性为贩卖毒品,而运输毒品行为的危害性及可罚性决定代运毒品的危害性及可罚性不同于代购毒品,不通过牟利体现。

(作者单位:浙江省遂昌县人民检察院)

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