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清亮亮的白浮泉涨起来了

2017-09-04 15:25:52   中国青年网

今年,化庄村纳入了棚改项目。这两天,集体大院就开始腾退了。村民都要搬到村北,将来,大家就是昌平区城南街道昌盛园二区的居民了,小超市也会拆掉。

前两天,听施工的工人讲,到明年,这一带全都要建成公园保护起来。

“(小超市)拆就拆吧!都60岁了,不干了,不干了,上楼享两年清福吧!守着龙山的泉水,过新生活呗。”马玉禄说。

一段历史

守敬奇谋 引泉济漕

远在京北昌平的白浮泉,怎么跟大运河扯上了关系?原来,元代著名科学家郭守敬为解决元大都漕运缺水难题,引白浮泉济漕,建九龙池。从此,白浮泉成为大运河北起点。

至元二十八年(1291年),郭守敬巡察水利时发现了白浮泉的利用价值,结合多年对水利调查研究的成果,归纳为11项建议,向朝廷禀报。第一条便是彻底解决大都地区的水源问题。他提出了一个大胆的建议:“上自昌平县白浮村引神山泉西折而南,过双塔、榆河、一亩、玉泉诸水,经瓮山泊至西水门入都城……南汇为积水潭,东南出文明门(今崇文门北),东至通州高丽庄入白河。”最后“入于潞河,以便漕运。”元世祖忽必烈非常高兴,立即表示:“当速行之”,并下了一道特殊的圣旨:“丞相以下皆亲操畚锸倡工”,且“待守敬指授而后行事”。白浮泉九龙池及沿线白浮渠建成后,泉水经瓮山泊(今昆明湖),流入大都。

一种传承

既是水脉 又是文脉

水利专家 蔡蕃

北京历来就缺水,从城市水源上讲,甚至可以说北京没河。金中都时期靠的是莲花河,元大都的水源选在了玉泉山、积水潭,但水都不足。大运河全部修通后,粮船要从通州进大都城,水源不足就成了更大的问题。为了找水,郭守敬从玉泉瓮山泊(昆明湖前身)往上游一直找到东沙河,一共发现了10处泉水,白浮泉是打头的第一处,其余还有温泉、冷泉、玉泉等。

水源找到了,60多里的水路线怎么引到瓮山泊又成了难题。沙河的海拔是43米,瓮山泊海拔50米,到天安门海拔46米,北低南高,直接走南线水流过不去。最终,郭守敬从白浮泉向西,走马坊,顺着山势而行建成引水工程,神奇地解决了这一难题。

白浮泉水源使用100余年后被弃用了,为什么?原来,明朝迁都北京前,修长陵的堪舆家称,祖宗坟前河流不可倒流。因此,白浮泉水源就被废了。明朝迁都北京,水源选在玉泉。

从古至今,北京城一直面临寻找水源的问题。因此,追本溯源,保护利用好大运河文化遗产,意义重大。大运河是北京的水脉,而大运河孕育的丰富遗产则是北京厚重的文脉。白浮泉,是这道文脉上的第一颗明珠。

本报记者 龙露 本版摄影 甘南

刊头题字 郭晋丽 制图 冯晨清

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