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人工智能算法的复杂性特质及伦理挑战
2017-09-04 05:15:49 中国青年网
人工智能算法的另一个复杂性特质是算法的自主性。美国科学家冯·诺依曼于20世纪50年代初成功建立了一个能够自我繁殖的元胞自动机算法模型,它成为第一个可以自我进化的算法。当下人工智能深度学习算法可以从海量无标注的大数据中自我学习、自我进化。阿尔法围棋一代曾依据人类历史上的优秀棋谱,对弈了3000万盘棋,二代强化了自我增强学习。如果智能算法的自主性意味着机器不再是被动的工具,而是某类主动的、自我进化的“生命”(如人工生命),那么我们是否能说人工智能就是一个具有自我意识、能够自我决定的“主体”?以算法的观念来看,理性传统所认可的这种“主体”其实是一个能够协调个体自身复杂行为的中心控制单元,它担负该个体所有信息的整合和全部行为的控制。强人工智能自主性遵循这一传统,人们认为未来的人工智能不仅具有感知对象、解决问题的智能,还可能具有感知自我的意识。弱人工智能的自主性主要是指智能行为的自组织性,机器算法会在没有人类程序员的干预下自发学习,自动处理问题,以分布式控制算法为其代表。强人工智能主体在技术上目前还遥遥无期,常常成为科幻作品的题材。弱人工智能的分布式控制模式目前已在人工智能领域得到广泛应用,形成了一种完全不同于传统的主体观念。
要回答什么是善的算法,我们需要追溯伦理学的一个基础问题:什么是善的行为?该问题又可转换为什么是正当的行为?作为主体的“我”应该如何行为?道义论者更强调行为原则的正当,功利论者更看重行为结果的正当。在英国伦理学家乔治·摩尔看来,不论是从功利论还是道义论出发,一个行为是“正当的”在很大程度上就是指“这一行为会产生可能的最大总量的善”,而“我”应当按此善的原则实施某一行为。
2015年5月,美国人约书亚·布朗在使用特斯拉的“自动驾驶”模式时遭遇严重车祸身亡,成为人工智能发展中的重要事件。该事故历经了十个多月的周密调查,最后归责为驾驶员过于信任人工智能,手没握住方向盘,人工智能得以免责。不久的将来,人工智能必会让我们可完全摆脱方向盘,智能驾驶系统由厂商的机器人制造,其算法不断自我进化,无缝嵌入庞大的物联网中,行进于更多智能体交互的开放环境,并与它们共同形成了一个不断自我演化的复杂算法整体。在这一整体中,厂商、机器人、使用者、众多智能体等都是造就整体的个体,但并不存在对整体负责的“主体”,此时我们在伦理上可能面临根本的挑战:智能行为既不遵循行为与效果之间的直接对应,也不遵循行为与主体之间的必然联系,我们该如何做出一个恰当的道德判定?如果智能行为的涌现是理性原则的失效,我们如何从行为原则的角度来评判其行为的善,又如何能通过道德代码的嵌入来使之成为善的算法?如果道德主体实质上是诸多分布式智能体的组织过程,那么什么是“我”的正当行为呢?面对人工智能的这些深层挑战,最为重要的不是一味地退缩和担忧,而是在挑战中与其共同进化和成长。
(作者:刘劲杨,系中国人民大学哲学院副教授)
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