新闻
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China

人工智能算法的复杂性特质及伦理挑战

2017-09-04 05:15:49   中国青年网

人工智能算法的另一个复杂性特质是算法的自主性。美国科学家冯·诺依曼于20世纪50年代初成功建立了一个能够自我繁殖的元胞自动机算法模型,它成为第一个可以自我进化的算法。当下人工智能深度学习算法可以从海量无标注的大数据中自我学习、自我进化。阿尔法围棋一代曾依据人类历史上的优秀棋谱,对弈了3000万盘棋,二代强化了自我增强学习。如果智能算法的自主性意味着机器不再是被动的工具,而是某类主动的、自我进化的“生命”(如人工生命),那么我们是否能说人工智能就是一个具有自我意识、能够自我决定的“主体”?以算法的观念来看,理性传统所认可的这种“主体”其实是一个能够协调个体自身复杂行为的中心控制单元,它担负该个体所有信息的整合和全部行为的控制。强人工智能自主性遵循这一传统,人们认为未来的人工智能不仅具有感知对象、解决问题的智能,还可能具有感知自我的意识。弱人工智能的自主性主要是指智能行为的自组织性,机器算法会在没有人类程序员的干预下自发学习,自动处理问题,以分布式控制算法为其代表。强人工智能主体在技术上目前还遥遥无期,常常成为科幻作品的题材。弱人工智能的分布式控制模式目前已在人工智能领域得到广泛应用,形成了一种完全不同于传统的主体观念。

要回答什么是善的算法,我们需要追溯伦理学的一个基础问题:什么是善的行为?该问题又可转换为什么是正当的行为?作为主体的“我”应该如何行为?道义论者更强调行为原则的正当,功利论者更看重行为结果的正当。在英国伦理学家乔治·摩尔看来,不论是从功利论还是道义论出发,一个行为是“正当的”在很大程度上就是指“这一行为会产生可能的最大总量的善”,而“我”应当按此善的原则实施某一行为。

2015年5月,美国人约书亚·布朗在使用特斯拉的“自动驾驶”模式时遭遇严重车祸身亡,成为人工智能发展中的重要事件。该事故历经了十个多月的周密调查,最后归责为驾驶员过于信任人工智能,手没握住方向盘,人工智能得以免责。不久的将来,人工智能必会让我们可完全摆脱方向盘,智能驾驶系统由厂商的机器人制造,其算法不断自我进化,无缝嵌入庞大的物联网中,行进于更多智能体交互的开放环境,并与它们共同形成了一个不断自我演化的复杂算法整体。在这一整体中,厂商、机器人、使用者、众多智能体等都是造就整体的个体,但并不存在对整体负责的“主体”,此时我们在伦理上可能面临根本的挑战:智能行为既不遵循行为与效果之间的直接对应,也不遵循行为与主体之间的必然联系,我们该如何做出一个恰当的道德判定?如果智能行为的涌现是理性原则的失效,我们如何从行为原则的角度来评判其行为的善,又如何能通过道德代码的嵌入来使之成为善的算法?如果道德主体实质上是诸多分布式智能体的组织过程,那么什么是“我”的正当行为呢?面对人工智能的这些深层挑战,最为重要的不是一味地退缩和担忧,而是在挑战中与其共同进化和成长。

(作者:刘劲杨,系中国人民大学哲学院副教授)

上一页2/2下一页
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China

美图推荐

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China

为您推荐

加载更多>>
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170904/31272551_2.html
Server: cms-9-53
Date: 2024/12/29 19:14:58

Powered by China
China