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近代日本两起外国政要遇刺案

2017-09-01 08:21:12   中国青年网

5月27日开庭审理时控辩双方亦针锋相对,检察总长三好与检察官川目以加害外国皇族与危害本国皇族相同为由,力主适用刑法第116条;辩护律师谷泽与中山二人提出控方意见并无刑法之明文规定。最终,日本大审院特别法庭下判:被告津田三藏犯下刑法第292条谋杀未遂罪,处以终身苦役。判决一出,日本行政机关颜面有失,部分官员相继宣布辞职。而俄国亦因国力日衰,战备不足,只好借口皇储伤势不重、日本天皇亲自看望、日本政府多次诚恳道歉等原因,表示愿意“宽宏大量”。

1894年,号称“亚洲第一舰队”的北洋水师在与日本联合舰队的正面对决中,首败于丰岛海战,再败于黄海海战,三败于威海卫而全军覆没。1895年3月19日,晚清王朝的“裱糊匠”李鸿章以头等全权大臣的名义,奔赴日本马关与日本首相伊藤博文、外务大臣陆奥宗光议和。谈判初期,伊藤博文对李鸿章极尽羞辱之能事,割地赔款索求无度,而李鸿章则委曲求全,唯恐和议受阻。

3月24日第三轮谈判后,李鸿章回接引寺住所的途中,突然遭日本右翼分子小山丰太郎枪击,造成李鸿章左眼下受伤,但无性命之忧。此次意外使日本担心“清国却因此对各国得到最好的口实,清使或将立即归国。而当其向各国哀诉时,各国将向彼表示同情,且难保不转而以其联合之压力抑制我方”。

为不给第三国干涉留下口实,日本一方面由天皇亲遣医护人员对李鸿章进行治疗并给予慰问,另一方面主动宣布休战。日本社会各界亦像挽救“大津事件”的危机一样,积极动员起来慰问遇刺的李中堂,极力宣示行刺之人不能代表“崇尚礼仪”的日本国民。3月30日,刺客小山丰太郎被交由山口地方裁判所正式审判,被以故意杀人未遂判处无期徒刑。

审判前,伊藤博文曾两次派人给裁判长鹤岗琢郎带话,要其判处小山死刑,但被以审判独立为由拒绝。当然,在战场上取得胜利的日方已不像当年对待俄国皇储遇刺事件时那样惶恐。审判当天,日方外务省将这一结果函告李鸿章,声称“与前刺俄太子之罪相同”。

此刻,没有了底牌的李鸿章,只有迫切的和议愿望,而无借机回国、利用帝国之间矛盾再行调停的胆略。李鸿章在病床上从日本外相陆奥宗光口中得知日本愿“主动停战”之后,带伤谈判,直至《马关条约》签订。

两起因外国政要访日期间遇刺而引发的刑事审判,前后相距约4年,最终虽是同样的罪名、同样的刑期,但有着不同的国际政治背景、不同的司法裁判效果。这既是国际政治实力的角逐,更是内政改革实效的较量。日本明治维新与晚清洋务运动孰优孰劣、孰胜孰败,在此亦可窥一斑而知全豹。

“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”,师其长技者不如师其治法者。晚清之洋务运动并非毫无建树,但终究只是治标不治本。封建王朝的统治思维,着力维护等级差异,无情扼杀社会活力。即使可以“量中华之物力”购得坚船利炮,也难以改变腐朽没落的政治模式,在这种模式中不可能诞生忠于法治原则、抵御强权的司法官判决。这是以史为鉴的价值所在。

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