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哈维飓风造成300亿美元损失 保险公司用金融市场分散风险

2017-08-31 16:01:02   央广网

同时,保险公司也会将这种风险通过金融手段转移出去,避免系统性风险。

张青表示:“灾害保险说白了是跟天斗,不是跟人斗。比如,不管是银行业还是信托、证券行业,保得更多的是人为上的风险。这两类风险有本质上的不同:人为保险比如贷款上出现了问题、经济出现下滑,那整个系统的风险会增加;灾害保险包含的是所有自然灾害、意外事故,相互之间的灾因是相对独立的,所以很难出现系统性的情况。但是,由于巨灾还是会造成巨大的损失,很多国家的法律都对保险公司的偿付能力有严格的要求。所以,资本公司对应的有两种办法:一是把各种资本储备做得非常高,二是可能用其他资本来做。比如再保险或是向资本市场发行巨灾债券,希望找到一个既有效利用资本,同时保持偿付能力的情况。所谓的再保险是指,保险公司自己就所吸纳的风险,再进行一次组合,向其他的保险公司或另外的资本市场去购买保险的行为。”

通俗来讲,就是保险公司把保单集合起来,再给他们上一次保险。

张青说:“一个保单可能再去分给别人,也可能是把很多保单集合起来,重新做处理。因为从保险原理上来讲是大数法则,一千份保单集合在一起之后,同时出事的概率比较小。那么,它用自己的资本金去承担一千份保单里面损失的例如百分之五十或者三十,超过一定部分水平的损失再转移到再保公司或者资本市场。现在这种手段比较多,一种是传统的再保险,还有就是新兴的再保险安排,比如发行巨灾债券。在美国,现在巨灾债券也是一个很普遍的方式,比如灾害达到某个层级之上的损失,用资本市场去承担。例如几百亿美元的损失,虽然对于保险公司来说非常大,但对于资本市场每天的交易来讲、对于上万亿的交易规模来讲,是比较容易吸纳的。”

所以,一家保险公司也会选择比较多的再保公司承保,将风险再次分散。

张青表示:“比如国内的某一家公司,承担了大量的自然灾害风险,地震、台风以及飓风等,然后把这些方面的风险进行组合,根据自身的资本实力做出决策。风险偏好是一次自然灾害不超过自身净资产百分之十的损失,超过百分之十损失的部分就向再保市场进行续价,在此过程中可能分出去了比如十亿以上的损失,又分出了一百亿,这一百亿可能就由二十或三十个再保公司来承接这个业务。一般来说,保险公司不会安排一家再保公司在巨灾损失的某一项目上承担过大的比例。

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