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清初京宴贵鹿尾

2017-08-31 14:55:53   中国青年网

可是,王士祯只说了“今京师宴席,最重鹿尾”,没有说鹿尾是怎么做成菜肴的。后来在汪启淑的《水曹清暇录》中,才有了相关记载:“近时宴席不甚重熊掌、猩唇,而独贵鹿尾,一头全鹿不过数金,而一尾等之。蒸熟片食,饤盘甚微,形似猪脂,唯味稍带甜尔。”这说得很切实,鹿尾经脱毛,蒸时又会缩水,还要剔除尾骨,成菜时再切成小片,可不就得“饤盘甚微”了。至于“唯味稍带甜尔”,是客气地挑剔,蠡测厨师为除去鹿尾的膻味,在蒸时加了糖,因为糖有去腥膻、提味的功能。但糖加多了,膻味虽解,甜味却增重。

那时一盘鹿尾价等全鹿,也与鹿尾成为清帝的御膳有关。据《盛京典制备考》卷四“礼部应办事宜”中记,盛京将军每年向清宫进献的食贡主要是鹿贡,并以鹿尾为重。按例要七次进毕,于入冬后始,至立春时止。且不说要进献巨额的鲜鹿舌、鲜鹿筋条、鲜鹿肠、鲜鹿肚、汤鹿肉、晾鹿肉等,单说七次进献的鲜鹿尾就有“二百七十盘”,皆是取自于东北盛产的马鹿之尾,因自冬至到春间猎获,故称“冬尾”,质量上乘。这种情势,强劲地带动了京师社会民间食鹿尾的风俗。当时有一首竹枝词写道:“关东货始到京城,各处全开狍鹿棚,鹿尾鲤鱼风味别,发祥水土想陪京。”足见当时京师的餐饮市场上,用鹿尾烹制菜肴的酒楼饭庄一定有不少了。

那么,鹿尾的详细制法是怎样的呢?清人李化楠《醒园录》卷上中的“食鹿尾法”说得很到位:“此物当乘新鲜,不可久放。致油干肉硬,则味不全矣。法:先用凉水洗净,新布裹密,用绳扎紧,下滚汤煮一袋烟时,取起,退(煺)毛令净,放磁(瓷)盘内,和酱及清酱(酱油)、醋、酒、姜、蒜,蒸至熟烂,切片吃之。又云:先用豆腐皮或盐酸菜包裹,外用小绳子或钱串(穿铜钱的细绳)扎得极紧,下水煮一二滚,取起,去毛净,安放磁(瓷)盘内,蒸熟片吃。”这里没有写到用糖调味,却写了放醋。《醒园录》成书于乾隆中期,所介绍的鲜鹿尾的制法已很成熟,具有一定的史料价值。

可是,鲜鹿尾不易保存,毕竟冷藏条件有限。所以到清末,风干鹿尾逐渐时髦。这时的蒸鹿尾习用风干的了,在制法上也有改进:先将风干的鹿尾用温水泡软(视其大小、干制程度而掌控浸泡时间),再冷水下锅,水沸后改小火煮至能煺毛时,捞出煺净毛;遂用清水漂洗干净,置蒸具中,加鸡汤、绍酒、葱段、姜片、花椒、盐,调好口味,蒸至半熟,取出;原汤不要,再换新鸡汤(调法如前),继续蒸至鹿尾软烂入味,复取出,从底部剔出骨头,冷却后切成薄片,摆入盘内即可食用。

如今的制法则更为先进:取紫砂带盖小罐若干,每罐里先码好熟火腿片、冬菇片、冬笋片各二三片,再浇入调过味的上汤,然后摆入如前述制法的鹿尾薄片(一般为四片),盖上盖,蒸约十五分钟即可。成菜汤汁清澈鲜美,鹿尾柔软入味。

另外,鹿尾亦可做粥食。清人曹庭栋的《养生随笔》记:“鹿尾,关东风干者佳。去脂膜,中有凝血如嫩肝,为食物珍品。切碎煮粥,清而不腻,香有别韵,大补虚损。盖阳气聚于角,阴气聚于尾。”具体制法是用清鸡汤煮米,调入绍酒、盐、葱姜汁,待米煮至八分熟,再将蒸熟入味的鹿尾(切粒)放入,量适当,至米烂即成。其滋补作用远胜燕窝粥,这是题外话了。

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