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朝阳实验小学集团教师“走校”教学 他国均衡师资各有办法

2017-08-30 14:36:17   央广网

在师资短缺的情况下,澳大利亚老师不仅要“跨界”,而且要跨科目。想走上讲台教书育人,可不是身怀一门绝技就可以的。胡方介绍,例如某些小语种外语课程,通常一些老师就会处于“走校”状态——周一、周三、周五在一个学校教学,周二、周四在另一个学校教学。这样更多的学校的学生可以在本校学习到这门小语种。而有一些专业老师甚至还会形成某个区域的“走校联盟”。比如中文在澳大利亚作为外语课程,针对某一区域十几所中学的中文老师供不应求的局面,有些教师就会组成一个统筹规划、合理安排的协会。协会专门对老师在不同学校间上课时间冲突的问题进行协调,最终做出最优化的处理。

在澳大利亚要当个中学教师一般只会一门学科是不够的,绝大部分老师在大学里进行教学培训的时候就是按照两个专业方向甚至更多的专业方向进行训练的。而工作之后,他们往往也是身兼两个科目的教学任务,比如既教中文又教商业课。所以,在澳大利亚当老师还是挺辛苦的,一个老师当两个老师用。

俄罗斯:“走校”鲜显于中小学 在大学非常普遍 

据《全球华语广播网》俄罗斯观察员张舜衡介绍,俄罗斯教师“走校”的情况在中小学并不多见,但在高校里却非常普遍。俄罗斯经过多年中小学课程内容改革后,目前所有学生的课程选择都是固定且一样的,不存在一个学科再细分、扩展成为几门甚至十几门的情况;学生也无法自由选择感兴趣的方向,所有课程都是必修课。只有在劳动手工课中,很多男生会选择木工、金属等小组,女生则倾向于选择缝纫和厨艺小组,但上课的教师却是唯一的。而且,俄罗斯地广人稀,中小学分布到各个城市的数量很少,班级人数也很少,教师“走校”的客观条件不足。

值得注意的是,俄罗斯教师总体收入偏低、工作积极性不高,人才流失的现象十分堪忧。国家不得不通过《劳动法》放开教师的兼职特权。很多城市的教师为了增加收入,除了本校的工作外,还兼职一份城乡结合区域的中小学教学工作。但这仅仅是教师的个别兼职行为,中小学校际间合作的“走校”项目非常少。

相较于中小学,俄罗斯大学教师的走校情况是非常普遍的。首先,俄罗斯大学在地理分布上比较集中,沟通便利。其次,教育部对于大学选修课程和各种讲座没有严格的内容限制,特别是众多前沿、开放的领域都非常适合校际间教师的交流。最后,俄罗斯不同高校间的教师还存在师承辈分关系,教师们的主动合作常常以高校间的形式进行。一位教师同时任职多校,一位教授同时任职多校的不同学科的情况也是存在的。

韩国:无“走校”教学 更注重均衡学生水准 

据首尔大学博士生张帅介绍,韩国虽然没有“走校”这样的教学方式,但是韩国也有独特的均衡师资的办法。韩国的学校有两种,一种是私立的,一种是国立的。私立学校在教师选拔方面是不受国家支配的,完全按照学校自己的制度招聘老师。所以,请的老师都是根据各自学校的实力。在这方面,国家是没有办法去均衡的。国立中小学的教师是由国家统一考试进行选拔的,并会对通过考试的教师进行一项调查且让他们填写志愿。在他们填写申请的时候,可以填写3个志愿、3个地方。最后,一般会根据教师的家庭住址以及成绩来分配学校。很多老师都想去江南、清潭洞这样学校非常好的地方。但同时这种地方的竞争力也非常高,很容易被淘汰下去。因此,老师们在填写志愿的时候也非常谨慎。

由于他们考虑,平衡师资的最终目的是提高学生的升学率或者让更多的学生进入更好的大学,所以在均衡师资这方面,相对来讲,他们选择更注重均衡学生的水准。

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