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把行政复议建成解决行政争议的主渠道
2017-08-24 06:31:26 中国青年网
不过,伴随着我国经济转轨和社会转型,近十年来包括行政争议在内的社会矛盾纠纷增多,人民群众对公正要求提高,行政诉讼和行政复议均面临着挑战。面对此种局面,行政诉讼率先求变,2014年底,行政诉讼法迎来第一次修订,致力于解决“立案难、审理难和执行难”。在司法体制改革的大势下,行政诉讼制度改革带来了许多积极变化,行政诉讼案件数量上升,已领先于行政复议案件数量。相反,行政复议委员会试点和行政复议权相对集中改革,在实践中虽有进展,但未实现实质性突破,行政复议法修改迟迟不能进入修订议程。行政复议制度改革迫在眉睫,必须采取切实举措,才能把行政复议建设成解决行政争议的主渠道。
第一,着力于解决行政复议的公正问题。公正是争议解决的灵魂和生命线,但却是行政复议存在的先天性问题。行政复议机关虽原则上是争议一方的行政机关的上级机关,但毕竟仍属行政系统,必然带有“官官相护”或各种干预过多之嫌,至少普通公民、组织会有这样的疑虑和担心。不消除这样的疑虑和担心,行政复议就不能充分发挥作用,就无法成为解决行政争议的主渠道。如何解决行政复议的公正性问题,是世界各地都力争解决的问题。近年来,我国一些地方推行的行政复议委员会试点和行政复议机构相对集中、独立的改革,就是为了解决这一问题,也取得了一定成效,应当在评估完善后加以推行。
第二,明确行政复议的目标和功能。行政复议首先是为了解决行政争议,促进社会和谐,在此基础上,保护公民权益,监督行政机关依法行政。对目标和功能的明确,将直接影响具体制度的设计。
第三,完善行政复议程序。应当设置多元的行政复议程序以满足不同的需求,充分发挥行政复议的特点和优势。总体而言,行政复议程序应当亲民、便民和利民,在此基础上对占多数的行政复议案件采取更灵活、简捷的程序加以解决。但是,对复杂的行政复议案件应设置更严格、更公开的程序,以保证其公正性。
第四,加快行政复议法修订。修订行政复议法,既是完善行政复议制度的过程,也是不同意见纷呈并达成共识的过程。行政复议法修订不能进入议事日程,导致问题探讨不能聚焦、试点不能深入和公众预期不能实现等,急需改变。应当通过行政复议法的修订,带动相关问题的探讨,推进相关问题的解决。
(作者:应松年 系中国政法大学终身教授)
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