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少年司法宜构建“轻轻重重”二元化模式

2017-08-22 08:28:57   中国青年网

“轻轻重重”二元化模式可有效解决少年司法价值冲突

怎样在上述矛盾和困境中获得新生?笔者建议,可尝试构建“宽容而不纵容”的“轻轻重重”二元化少年司法模式。所谓“轻轻重重”二元化少年司法模式,即“轻其轻者,重其重者”。对轻微少年违法犯罪案件,处罚上要轻缓,尽量采取非刑事化、非刑罚化、非监禁化的处罚措施,多适用附条件不起诉、缓刑、社区矫正等,充分体现宽容。对于性质严重、影响恶劣而且人身危险性高的未成年犯罪人,则要酌情从重处罚,绝不纵容,这也是新刑事古典学派倡导的归责性的体现,未成年不能成为其犯严重犯罪的“护身符”,从而做到有效防卫社会和保护被害人利益,尊重人民群众的朴素情感和对公平正义的基本诉求。当然,所谓的“轻”和“重”均应是在法律范围内的从轻、减轻、从重,不是想当然的、没有边界的“轻”和“重”,也不是简单的“小儿酌减”,而是要遵循罪刑法定原则,对有关未成年人犯罪的法律、法规和刑事政策的用足、用活。发展犯罪学家莫菲特等认为,多数少年犯属于“限于青春期型违法者”,他们青春期的反社会行为是对社会环境的一种适应性反应,会随着时间的推移而自愈,而“持续终身型犯罪人”虽然在少年犯中所占比例很小,但在年龄很小时就会出现反社会行为,而且会持续终生,行为的严重性会愈演愈烈,这也是“轻轻重重”模式的理论之源。

少年司法之“轻轻重重”二元化模式构建路径

引入危险评估成为必然。在对儿童利益最大化与社会防卫双重考虑的指导思想下,保障少年司法中的非犯罪化、非监禁化、分流等理念的落地生根和具体司法决定的适当作出,都需要依据对涉案未成年人的危险评估。科学、有效的危险评估能够为司法机关切实做到“轻其轻者,重其重者”提供更具说服力的参考依据,同时也能够为涉案未成年人的“康复”提供更有针对性的矫治方案。

加快建设少年警务,推进专门的少年司法机构建设。具体而言,要将少年警务尽快纳入公安体制改革中统筹考虑,我国少年警务建设不够,导致少年案件在刑事司法的第一个关口未能合理、合情地把控和分流。防微杜渐,防控犯罪须从源头做起,少年司法的范围应由少年犯罪扩大到“少年罪错”,少年警务大有可为。我国虽然已初步建立了少年法庭和未成年人检察机构等,但成熟完善的未成年人司法体系还远未实现,需要进一步探索在设区县的市级及以上的司法机关设立专门、独立的未成年人办案机构,探索跨区法院、检察院设立未成年人专门办案机构,确立由市一级集中管辖制度,逐步形成少年司法的“条块管理、以条为主”的管理体系(条,指的是自下而上的未成年人专门司法机构;块,指的是与专门未成年人司法机构同级的司法机关),并实现少年司法人员的员额单列制度。

加快心理学、神经科学等学科与少年司法的融合。少年司法的源起和发展与心理学的发展密不可分。将心理学引入少年司法,不仅可以为涉案未成年人作出心理健康评估、危险评估、人格评估等,为未成年人的“轻轻重重”司法决定的作出提供依据,而且还可以为涉案未成年人进行心理咨询、心理辅导等,为最终矫治未成年人提供可行方案,彰显少年司法的“恢复性”本质。近年来,在欧美国家司法实践中,神经科学尤其是脑科学的研究成果对青少年严重刑罚的量刑起到了实质性作用。

借鉴引入英美法系的“恶意补足年龄规则”。该规则即未成年人明知是恶行而为之,即便不到负刑责年龄,也要追究其刑事责任,是对恶性案件中未成年人刑事责任能力的个别化规定。“轻轻重重”二元化模式的“重重”的落实就可以适用该规则,把那些神经发育成熟的极度恶劣的少年犯排除出少年司法体系,对其适用普通成年司法进行惩罚,以防卫社会。当然,在存在重刑主义传统的情况下引进该规则时应当极为审慎,严防发生徇私舞弊现象,必须进行周密、严格的制度设计。

(作者单位:铁道警察学院)

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