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拥有但是分享,利己同时利他

2017-08-16 08:33:57   中国青年网

分享经济也为可持续发展提供了具有操作性和变革性的手段。传统经济社会发展的高增长是以资源环境消耗的高增长为代价的,这是不可持续的状态。现在,共享经济创造了一种完全不同于拥有经济的新模式,即不求拥有、但求所用,通过大规模地提高稀缺物品的使用率,可以用一定的物质量满足增长的社会福利需求。

在此基础上,分享经济有可能为中国可持续发展提供跨越式的机会和手段。中国向美国效法走高拥有量的发展道路是行不通的。他们是先有超过世界人均的私人物品拥有量,然后用C2C的方式把闲置物品拿出来分享。中国搞分享经济可以强调B2C的模式,通过不卖产品卖服务,以不过度增加私人物品拥有量的方式,提高老百姓的社会福祉。

如今,我们日益感受到,分享经济的爆发,与现有的管理模式存在一定的冲突。阿鲁提出,对分享经济的监管,可以采取多种形式。除了传统的政府管理之外,还有对等管理、自律管理、委托管理等三种非政府管理的新模式。

第一种,消费者参与的对等管理。优点在于,整个系统是由参与者驱动的,当没有合适的政府规制或者政府还来不及形成普适性的监管体系之前,对等管理可以率先发起监管。例如airbnb网络平台上对住房的评论,就是基于消费者的对等监管。某种意义上,中国共享单车的猎人行动也是一种基于消费者的对等管理。

第二种,企业联盟的行业自律管理。共享经济的企业自己走到一起创建监管系统,用大家认同的标准规范成员的行为,清除那些行为失范和不良经营者。

今年7月,上海和天津有关共享单车企业志愿制定的共享单车团体服务标准,就是具有行业合作意义的自律管理。我当时作为审定组长发言说,这是比技术创新更有意义的制度创新或治理模式的创新。

第三种,数据平台的政府委托管理。阿鲁论证说,政府要从成千上万、分散状的airbnb房主那里收取营业税,可以有两种方式。一种是房主们直接在政府那里登记注册(房主们常常不愿意这样做),另一种是由airbnb代理征税(世界上越来越多的城市尝试这样做)。两种方式中,后一种方式可能会获得更高的税收,市场更为规范。

政府传统的集中式管理对于传统的酒店也许是合理的,但是对于共享经济浩如烟海的分散市场是低效的,而基于数据平台的委托管理正好反映了分散市场与集中管理的有趣融合。

我认为,分享经济的监管应该符合互联网时代的特征,用企业(B)、政府(G)、社会(S)的BGS合作治理模式,替代传统的政府单一管制模式。这对理解和规范当下的中国分享经济,有重要的创新启示意义。

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