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这种过时的单边制裁“里外不讨好”

2017-08-16 06:32:17   中国青年网

一般301条款

如果美国贸易代表确信,美国依据任何贸易协定所应享有的权利遭到否定;或者外国的某项立法、政策或做法违反贸易协定、与贸易协定不相一致,或其是不公平的并给美国商业造成了负担或限制,则美国代表必须采取行动,以实现美国依贸易协定应享有的权利,或消除上述的立法、政策和做法的影响。

上世纪80年代发起49次调查

上一次“301条款”被美国大规模使用还是在上世纪80年代,共发起了49次调查。致使1974年日本“自愿”限制钢铁出口,1976年签署美日特殊钢进口配合限制协定;1978年美国钢铁启动价格(保护)制度。

超级301条款

针对外国贸易障碍和扩大美国对外贸易

确定主要贸易壁垒和扭曲贸易的重点国家及重点不公平贸易做法,美国贸易代表应在法定期限内对每一个重点国家的所有做法发起301调查。与“一般301条款”相比,“超级301条款”将贸易报复权由总统转移到贸易代表办公室,从而使贸易的谈判者和贸易的执法者合二为一,赋予贸易代表办公室更多的谈判筹码以减少政府对贸易代表办公室采取报复措施的干扰。

迫使日本开放国内市场

超级301条款颁布伊始,日本即被列为贸易自由化重点监督国家,1989年超级301条款首次启用,美国贸易代表办公室认为日本在计算机、卫星方面封闭市场,与之展开18个月的外交协商,最终迫使日本开放相应的国内市场。

特别301条款

针对知识产权保护和知识产权市场准入

赋予美国贸易代表绝对权力,当其认定某国的相关法律法规或贸易做法对美国知识产权不利,或者未能给予公平公正市场准入机会时,此时美国有权单方面采取贸易制裁措施,如征收高额关税和限制进口等,以迫使贸易伙伴改变其法律、法规和贸易做法。

与中国签订谅解备忘录

20世纪90年代,美国对中国多次发起知识产权方面的特别301调查和谈判,中美于1992年、1995年、1996年签订知识产权方面的谅解备忘录。

据中新社

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