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《离骚序》“露才扬己”作者考辨

2017-08-14 05:22:52   中国青年网

谓“露才扬己”为班固所说,只是孤例。《汉书》及班固其他著作对屈原秉持一以贯之的颂扬评价。《汉书·艺文志》云:“大儒孙卿及楚臣屈原离谗忧国,皆作赋以风,咸有恻隐古诗之义。”《汉书·地理志下》云:“始楚贤臣屈原被谗放流,作《离骚》诸赋以自伤悼。”又《后汉书·班固传》载班固《奏记东平王苍》云:“灵均纳忠,终于沉身……愿将军隆照微之明……令尘埃之中,永无荆山、汨罗之恨。”班固告诫东平王切不可学楚怀王,听信馋小,疏离忠贞。此外,班固《幽通赋》、其父班彪《北征赋》,刘师培《论文杂记》认为皆学自屈原《离骚》和《涉江》《远游》,可见,班固父子二人皆慕屈子遗风。

西汉重今文经,自刘歆发现古文《春秋左氏传》,古文经渐露头角。古文经、今文经围绕《春秋左氏传》进行多次论争,东汉尤盛,光武帝时古文经陈元与今文经范升论战激烈,而后古文经大家贾逵改变策略,将《左氏传》与谶纬结合,迎合君王重谶纬的心理,从而使古文经地位得以提升。贾逵其父贾徽从刘歆学《左氏春秋》,并作《左氏条例》。《后汉书·贾逵列传》载贾逵幼从其父学经,悉传其父业,弱冠能诵《左氏传》及五经本文。贾逵在古文经郑兴、桓谭的悲惨遭遇下做出折中策略,上书言《左传》与谶纬相合,可立博士。汉明帝旋即拜贾逵为郎,命他与班固并校秘书。贾逵有《春秋左氏传解诂》《春秋左氏长传》行世。可见,《左传》学不仅为贾氏家学,更为贾逵独擅。贾逵与班固同朝为官,各作《离骚经章句》。由是,贾逵评价屈原用自己独专之《左传》学为衡量准绳,当合情合理。贾逵言“今《左氏》崇君父,卑臣子”,“露才扬己”正是站在君尊臣卑的持论立场来评价屈原,说屈原“责数怀王”,也就理所当然。此外,贾逵未有辞赋传世,个中缘由,耐人寻味。扬雄谓辞赋“童子雕虫篆刻”,且又责备屈原“君子得时则大行,不得时则龙蛇。遇不遇命也,何必湛身哉”。贾逵正是以扬雄为准则,不为辞赋,于屈原人格又颇有微词。贾逵承扬雄评屈基调,与扬雄形成前后照应,成为汉代评屈的另一主线。

《楚辞补注》所录《离骚序》为贾逵所作,这正与班固《离骚赞序》形成对比。班固、贾逵《离骚经章句》虽佚,但两篇序文得以留存,为我们认识班、贾对屈原人格的不同评价提供参证。贾逵与班固“并校秘书”,一人先作《离骚经章句》,而另一人或有不满,又另作《离骚经章句》,两人于序文中各抒己见,并与对方针锋相对。班、贾《离骚经章句》俱归湮灭,而王逸《楚辞章句》独存。后人编纂《楚辞》,摘录班、贾两序入《楚辞章句》,遂使两序得以保存。而王逸当初引书举其大概,于著者名氏又称引不明,遂使后世改“班、贾”为“班固”,将贾逵《离骚序》误认为班固《离骚序》,致使迷雾重重,难于分辨。

(作者:汤洪,系四川师范大学国际教育学院教授)

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