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意大利:专设预防贪腐机制

2017-08-11 15:26:44   中国青年网

除了上述惩治贪污受贿犯罪行为的法律规定外,意大利的反贪污贿赂立法中还有关于预防贪污受贿犯罪行为的立法。这主要包括四个方面:一是防止各政党、议会团体或行政长官与企业相互勾结的专门法律;二是对行政行为的监督审查制度的规定;三是对公务员的纪律处分制度;四是纳税申报制度。

综观意大利的反贪污贿赂立法,笔者认为,其至少具有以下三个特点:一是严而不厉。虽然意大利刑法中对贪污犯罪规定的最高刑为10年有期徒刑,受贿犯罪的最高刑为20年有期徒刑,但其在入罪上并没有规定起点数额,即一旦实施贪污受贿行为,不论贪污受贿数额大小,一概构成犯罪。这与我国现行刑法规定以5000元作为贪污受贿犯罪起刑点的做法形成了强烈反差;二是法网严密。意大利反贪污贿赂立法几乎将现实生活中的所有贪污受贿情形均囊括在处罚范围内;三是规定细致。意大利刑法针对贪污和受贿情形,分别规定了详细的客观手段,并规定了各种手段应受的处罚。

我国现行刑法对贪污受贿犯罪定罪量刑时单纯考虑数额的规定确实具体明确,但贪污受贿行为除了侵犯公私财物所有权之外,更主要的是亵渎公务,侵犯了公务行为的廉洁性,故而单纯考虑数额,难以全面真实地反映贪污受贿犯罪的社会危害性。另外,贪污犯罪与受贿犯罪的情节差别较大,情况复杂,其社会危害性也不尽相同,对其适用相同的刑罚是否妥适,也值得商榷。

笔者认为,我们可以借鉴意大利的做法,淡化数额对贪污受贿行为入罪的影响,至少不再在刑法中规定具体的贪污受贿行为入罪起点数额,并在设置入罪条件时更多考虑贪污受贿行为对公务行为廉洁性的影响。《刑法修正案(九)草案》虽然拟删去对贪污贿赂犯罪的具体数额标准,原则规定数额较大或者情节较重等三种情况,但仍然将数额作为定罪量刑的重要依据,并且没有对贪污罪和受贿罪的定罪量刑标准进行区分。这应当引起立法者的关注和重视。当然,处罚仅仅是手段而绝非目的,我们更应当关注如何预防而不是如何处罚贪污受贿犯罪。对此,我们也可以借鉴意大利的反贪经验,设置一些专门预防贪污受贿犯罪的法律制度,从而在根本上减少或消除贪污受贿犯罪。

(作者单位:华东政法大学刑事司法学院)

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