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烟草中的尼古丁含量为1%—3%,主要经呼吸道黏膜吸收。“长期吸烟者体内的尼古丁维持在一个恒定水平,机体已适应了这种状态。”肖丹透露,吸烟成瘾者如果减小烟量或停止吸烟,体内的尼古丁浓度会迅速降低,吸烟者就会感到种种不适。就像高血压病人一旦血压突然降至正常时,反而会感到头晕目弦及各种不适一样。当脑中尼古丁浓度降低到一定水平时,吸烟者无法继续体验“愉悦”感,从而产生烦躁、恶心、头痛不适等戒断症状和对吸烟的渴求。为避免这些戒断症状,吸烟成瘾者每隔一小段时间就要吸烟以维持大脑中的尼古丁水平。实际上,烟草依赖者吸烟的主要动机是为了避免、解除或缓解戒断症状。
此外,人们在紧张或劳累时往往特想吸烟,试图得到休息或放松。实际上吸烟会导致心率加快,血压上升,呼吸兴奋,和真正休息时的情况恰恰相反,但吸烟者的主观感觉却是舒适与放松的。究其原因就是尼古丁刺激了体内肾上腺素的分泌,而肾上腺素能明显增加人体的应激能力,从而使人适应外界刺激的能力提高,导致主观上的轻松感。
降低尼古丁含量对“成瘾”烟民难奏效
根据世界卫生组织报道,烟草使用每年可以导致世界700多万人死亡。“吸烟几乎与所有系统的疾病以及肿瘤的发生密切相关,吸烟有害健康是不容置喙的真理。”然而肖丹也指出,烟草也是当今世界最大的可预防死亡原因。
其实,很多烟民都知道吸烟对身体不好,但还会选择继续吸烟。“这是因为吸烟成瘾是一种慢性疾病!”肖丹认为,这与烟草中尼古丁的成瘾性有很大的关系。FDA“减少尼古丁含量至不成瘾”的做法对“不成瘾”的烟民有用,但对“成瘾”的烟民,还是应当到戒烟门诊接受正规的戒烟治疗。因为吸烟“成瘾者”在吸烟的过程中存在“尼古丁补偿效应”,即吸烟者会通过改变吸烟行为(例如增加吸烟的支数、增加抽吸次数、深吸)来增加尼古丁的摄入量,正是由于“补偿效应”的存在,吸烟者所摄入的尼古丁含量其实并未减少。另外,正因为烟草依赖是一种慢性疾病,治疗是需要一个过程的。戒烟门诊可对烟草依赖者的吸烟情况进行评估,从而为其制定专业的戒烟方案。
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