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邓国胜:慈善信托更能实现捐赠人意愿

2017-08-07 10:01:21   央广网

和的慈善基金会这次的捐赠有几个特点与创新,一是捐赠规模巨大,20亿元现金捐赠和一亿股权捐赠,合计60亿元人民币左右。这不仅是广东省设立的第一个慈善信托,也是目前国内规模最大的慈善信托,国内规模最大的社区基金会。

二是捐赠方式创新。这次捐赠既有完全由家族发起设立的社区基金会方式,也有“慈善信托+慈善基金会”的方式,还有专项基金的方式,不仅方式多元,而且家族基金会、社区基金会、慈善信托等方式在国内都属于前沿的创新模式。

慈善信托是从事公益慈善事业的一种比较好的方式,在欧美等发达国家有悠久的历史。它与基金会最大的不同是,慈善信托是一种隔离资产。个人将财产捐赠给基金会,财产等于转移给了基金会。如果基金会破产,基金会的所有财产都会被清算。而慈善信托的财产是一种隔离资产,不会因为受托人破产,资产被清算,这样有助于捐赠人的意愿得到永续实现。

其次,慈善信托更能实现捐赠人的意愿。捐赠给基金会,理论上这笔款项要按照捐赠人的意愿来使用,但不同的基金会有不同的使命,这使得只有符合基金会使命的资金才能更好地符合捐赠人意愿。比如,捐赠人想做与养老相关的捐赠,而所捐赠给的某家基金会是为青少年服务的,这样可能执行难度就会较大。但信托更尊重捐赠人的意愿,信托公司一旦作为受托人,就会利用自身资源来按照捐赠人的意愿使用资金。

另外,在开展慈善信托业务方面,信托公司由于深耕信托行业多年,人才上更具优势,同时通过信托公司,资产的保值增值能力会更强。因此,对于希望从事公益慈善事业的富人、中产阶段而言,慈善信托具有很大吸引力。如果国家能够给予慈善信托减免税优惠,未来慈善信托才能更好落地,也才能吸引更多企业家捐赠。

然而,目前根据《慈善法》规定,“未按照前款规定将相关文件报民政部门备案的,不享受税收优惠”。但没有说备案的合法设立的慈善信托能不能享受减免税待遇以及如何享受,慈善捐赠可以抵税,慈善信托为何不可,这就给实际操作带来障碍,很多人设立慈善信托的意愿就会受到影响。未来相关税法如何修订,有待观察。

另外,根据《慈善法》,慈善信托的受托人应当每年至少一次将信托事务处理情况及财务状况向其备案的民政部门报告,并向社会公开。公开透明到什么程度,是不是公开得越细效果越好,公开透明与保护委托人隐私的度如何把控以及备案条件、慈善信托的分类等细节问题怎么落地,还需要在实践中进一步探索。

在此背景下,和的慈善基金会设立的慈善信托未来如何落地,税收减免政策可能将成为主要瓶颈。总之,如何让企业、企业家更好履行社会责任,如何让基金会、慈善信托在社会发展中发挥更大的作用,这不仅需要政府更准确的定位和完善政策,也需要培育慈善文化,需要营造全民参与慈善、监督慈善的氛围。

(作者系清华大学公益慈善研究院副院长)

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