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巴洛克式喷泉 古代贵族的“雕塑精品”

2017-08-05 04:01:46   中国青年网

彼得夏宫喷泉——重塑俄罗斯北方强国形象

如果说凡尔赛宫喷泉是法国国王的面子工程,那么彼得夏宫的喷泉,就是彼得大帝为了重塑俄罗斯形象所兴建的“形象工程”。

彼得大帝在掌权之后,为了改变俄罗斯落后的面貌,到西欧发达国家荷兰、英国进行了一年多的考察和学习。回到俄罗斯之后,彼得大帝将首都迁到了圣彼得堡,并开始建造彼得夏宫。

1717年,彼得大帝再次来到西欧,在巴黎他参观了美丽的凡尔赛宫和枫丹白露,很是心动,希望在自己的新都圣彼得堡也能有这么一座美丽的花园,于是他邀请了法国的建筑师,以凡尔赛宫为蓝本,参与了夏宫的修建。夏宫因而被人们誉为“俄罗斯的凡尔赛”。

彼得大帝是个好动的人,他亲自参与宫殿园林的规划设计,有的甚至亲绘草图,极力在各个方面仿效欧洲,包括欧洲宫廷最流行的时尚,他要求建造豪华程度不逊于凡尔赛。更重要的是,因为凡尔赛宫的喷泉虽然壮观,可是平日因为水源不足总是关闭着,只有宾客来访时才开放。彼得大帝也是个很好面子的人,建造夏宫喷泉时,他一心要与凡尔赛宫媲美,他给工程师出了道难题:喷泉必须天天喷涌不息。聪明的设计者终于想出了招,利用下花园与宫殿所在的上花园有18米的落差,在上花园引入泉水,然后利用自然压力形成了喷泉,几十个雕像喷出各种形态的水瀑,水瀑汇集在水池中形成一条水渠,顺着地势通过花园中的运河向芬兰湾注入大海。

在彼得大帝去世的时候,整个夏宫的工程都未能全部完工,1800-1802年,俄罗斯皇帝保罗一世和他的继位者亚历山大一世,在皇宫大瀑布的下面建造了最著名的隆姆松喷泉。喷泉群的中央,耸立着大力士参孙和狮子相搏的雕像。参孙双手把狮子的上下颚撑开,泉水从狮子口中冲天而出,水柱直喷22米之高。

这个大力士参孙象征着彼得大帝,而狮子则是以往的北方强国瑞典,力士战胜狮子也隐喻当年彼得大帝在北方之战中的大获全胜。为了能让这个喷泉更壮观,当时的建造者还专门修建了一条长达4公里的水渠来引水。

而彼得夏宫也是最后一座值得大书特书的喷泉宫殿,进入19世纪之后,伦敦、巴黎等地虽然也修建了很多引水渠和喷泉,但是这时候的喷泉又回到了其原本的意义。因为资本主义的发展以及圈地运动的兴起,大量的贫民涌入城市,使得城市人口暴增,因此喷泉再一次成为了城市饮用水的水源地。

在拿破仑时代,为了解决巴黎的水源问题,他甚至还修建了第一条运河,另外在巴黎城中心修建了15座喷泉让城市居民不需要水泵就可以直接获得饮用水了。华西都市报-封面新闻记者 闫雯雯

□链接

关于喷泉

喷泉,指由地下喷射出地面的泉水;特指人工喷水设备。喷泉是一种将水或其他液体经过一定压力通过喷头喷洒出来具有特定形状的组合体,提供水压的一般为水泵。喷泉景观概括来说可以分为两大类,一是因地制宜,根据现场地形结构,仿照天然水景制作而成,二是完全依靠喷泉设备人工造景。喷泉是由人工构筑的整形或天然泉池中,以喷射优美的水姿,供人们观赏的水景。

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