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巴洛克式喷泉 古代贵族的“雕塑精品”

2017-08-05 04:01:46   中国青年网

17-18世纪是奠定罗马“喷泉之城”的最重要时期。罗马开始大肆重建古代水渠,那些原本在中世纪“死了”的喷泉又活了起来,展现出更加勃发的生机。

这一时期的喷泉,主要是由天主教教堂所倡导设计修建的,其目的是吸引民众注意,对抗清教改革;清教徒宣传要过简单的生活,因此罗马教廷就用复杂美观的画作、喷泉来表明自己的立场。

在这个时期创造的喷泉,雕塑成为了其中最重要的一个元素,而喷泉反而成为了配角,衬托雕塑,让它变得“活”起来。就像是这个时期流行的巴洛克式花园一样,是一种“自信和教权的展示”。

这一时期喷泉的首个代表作,是坐落于圣彼得广场的喷泉,由设计师卡洛·马德尔诺在1614年设计建造的。这座喷泉,主要是为了彰显圣彼得大教堂的瑰丽华美。喷泉的水来自宝拉水渠。而这座水渠是古罗马时代的水渠,在1612年进行了重建,水渠高度达到了81米,这就意味着利用这座水渠的水压落差,喷泉可以喷出接近7米的水柱。两个世纪之后,法国人在巴黎的协和宫也修建了一座几乎一样的喷泉。

巴贝里尼广场上的海神喷泉,是雕塑大师贝尔尼尼的杰作。这座喷泉的水源来自经过修复的欢乐之水水渠,水渠的高度为59米,而水源与喷泉之间的高度落差为40米。这样的高度差,让泉水可以喷向空中5米处。

纳沃纳广场的喷泉简直是千姿百态,一共有三座大型的喷泉组。其中最出名的一座喷泉同样出自贝尔尼尼之手,那就是著名的“四河喷泉”,象征了世界上四座大陆上的四条河——非洲的尼罗河,欧洲的多瑙河,美洲的拉普拉塔河和亚洲的恒河。

之后,这样的建筑设计同样又被19世纪的设计师们拷贝,修建在巴黎的协和宫以及柏林的亚利桑德广场上。由于纳沃纳广场喷泉的水源是来自少女泉,水源

高度只有7米,这就意味着这些喷泉只能让水从雕塑流下,而不能喷向天空,与

四河喷泉情况相似的,还有著名的特莱维 喷泉,它使用了大量的带有宗教意义和神话故事的雕塑,但其水源同样是来自少女泉水道,因此设计师只能设计一个瀑布状的阶梯让水跌落。

凡尔赛喷泉——太阳王的“面子工程”

要说巴洛克喷泉中的杰作,那么凡尔赛宫的喷泉绝对要占上浓墨重彩的一笔。在凡尔赛宫的花园里,喷泉扮演了核心的角色,显示了路易十四的伟大统治,以及他内心“人定胜天”的狂妄自大。

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