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【砥砺奋进的五年·法治篇】修新法施良策 为“民告官”铺好路
新行政诉讼法明确,对行政案件可实行跨行政区域管辖,以破解行政干预问题。根据党的十八届四中全会有关决策部署,上海、北京两地在2014年底率先设立跨行政区划法院,集中管辖两市以各区政府为被告的行政案件。北京跨行政区划法院、第四中级人民法院程琥副院长说,“探索设立跨区法院目的在于消除地方保护和行政干预形成的诉讼‘主客场’问题,严格贯彻新行政诉讼法,依法保障当事人合法权益,有效解决行政争议,积极助力法治政府建设。”
与此同时,中国多地相继开展行政案件集中管辖试点工作。深圳盐田法院从2015年起集中管辖全市基层法院行政诉讼案件及行政非诉审查案件。今年7月,盐田法院又率先推出全国首个网上行政诉讼服务平台,实现法院与各行政机关就行政诉讼的立案、材料递交、文书送达等业务快速对接,最快5分钟即可办结一宗案件。盐田法院院长杨爽说,“行政诉讼服务平台就是要实现让数据多跑路,当事人少跑路。这样,行政机关的应诉就非常方便,也节省了时间。”
除集中管辖、跨区划审理外,最高人民法院2015年起陆续设立6个巡回法庭,受理全国范围内重大、复杂的一审行政案件以及巡回区内高级人民法院做出的已经发生法律效力的行政判决、裁定的申请再审案件。据最高人民法院副院长江必新介绍,目前,各巡回法庭受理的行政案件数均占到受案总量的一半以上,但能够纠正的案件占比非常小,这说明行政案件裁判的公正率比较高,“通过案件的审理,我们一方面把问题进行归纳、汇总,然后通报给相关行政机关,通报给相关法院,督促其改进工作,提高依法行政水平和依法审判的能力;另一方面通过我们的审判,在处理国家利益和当事人利益时树立标杆,使当事人知道哪些该做,哪些不该做,哪些是合法的,哪些是违法的,从而对建立一种新的行政秩序起到推进作用。”
值得注意的是,从2016年全国各级法院审结的一审行政案件裁判结果来看,行政机关败诉率超过14%。如何看待政府的败诉率?国家行政学院胡建淼教授认为,“现阶段来说,政府败诉率高说明法院监督行政机关依法行政力度大,另一方面也说明行政机关能够正确看待法院的审判,对政府推进依法行政有好处。慢慢过渡到政府败诉率下降,说明我们政府依法行政水平在提高,经过这样的过程才能最终实现法治政府。”
日前,全国人大常委会会议又通过了行政诉讼法一项新的修改,正式写入“检察机关提起公益诉讼”内容,由保障“民告官”进一步发展为“代民告官”,强化对行政机关的履职监督,更好维护百姓权益,
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