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革命历史题材戏剧创作的突破与反思
2017-07-21 13:14:41 中国经济网
尽管思想深度、人文关怀是当下该类戏剧矢志追求的,但相对于其他剧类,革命历史题材剧在题材与主题的开掘上确实存在相当的难度。因此从整体上看,当下该类戏剧更多地把心力放在了戏剧本体(艺术形式与舞台演绎)的探索上。最明显的是打破了经典现实主义客观、全知的叙述视角。评剧《母亲》以不存在的、在襁褓中就死去的婴儿为视角,深情讲述母亲为革命奉献了自己的丈夫与所有儿子,深致隽永。话剧《从湘江到遵义》承袭了《毛泽东在西柏坡的畅想》的政论体,以契合自身的叙述体(看似是对布莱希特的借鉴,追根溯源其实是传统戏曲叙述体与代言体兼具的复调结构),让生者与死者、领袖和官兵、百姓之间、亲人之间进行超越时空的心灵对话,让人物思绪穿越历史,进入当下社会……自由灵动的舞台时空,将写实与写意、再现与表现连缀在一起。话剧《故园》也一反北京人艺惯有的写实风格,设计了一个写意的舞台,人物表演也在写实与写意间跳进跳出,既沉陷于历史又追忆历史、观望当下,令观者既身临其境又不禁警醒省思。
可见,当下的戏剧作品已不满足于就历史写历史,就革命写革命,而是立足于当代人的思考,以当代戏剧的方法进行“现在进行时”式的表达。这些新鲜的形式实验也丰富着话剧已有的写意戏剧观。戏曲作品更是视写意与戏曲本体为生命,遏止了现代戏常见的话剧加唱的惯性,这也是当下整个戏曲界的潮流(进入21世纪,戏曲界就对二十世纪八九十年代过度倚重文学性与思想性而轻忽表演和舞台作出了反拨。这也是戏曲内部规律的自我调整)。评剧《红高粱》在表演上充分运用戏曲写意与虚拟的特点——九儿手中的那块大红绸时而是红盖头,时而是被子,时而又是轿子——借此红绸,新娘九儿和轿夫们展开了一段地方特色鲜明的群舞,将喜悦、憧憬及娇羞的人物心理外化。这样一种介于歌舞与程式之间的新歌舞样式也是以往的革命历史剧所未见的(20年前也是张曼君导演的《山歌情》有类似歌舞,但未达到这样的体系化与成熟度)。它能举重若轻地表现丰富情感而不纯然是装饰性的,从而使该剧在众多抗日剧作中脱颖而出。芗剧《生命》将该剧种的腔调特质发挥得淋漓尽致,大段大段的唱腔倾泻的是人物流转婉曲的内心;舞台简洁干净,一个粗粝质感的土塬配合以转台就形成了不同空间。
当下一系列重大纪念活动给予了革命历史题材剧以创作的契机,但也有些创作者没有好好珍惜这一机会,只是迎合这些活动而草就,使得大量剧目昙花一现,演过即收,不能成为保留剧目,从而造成了艺术生产的极大浪费。究其原因,其中最大问题就是选材,选材不当直接导致剧种与题材的分裂。我们一定要考虑该题材是不是适合做成戏曲,是否适合该剧种。尤其现在很多地方的戏曲创作,以挖掘地方资源为主,以谱写当地革命志士、英雄人物为己任,或者抓取著名革命人物在当地的一段历史、经历来入戏,但不考虑这些题材是否具备戏剧性、戏曲性。福建革命历史题材剧的创作就多采用闽西山歌戏与芗剧形式,并不考虑古老的梨园戏与莆仙戏,因为山歌戏、芗剧剧种年轻,规范性与程式性相对就弱,芗剧“以说为唱”的曲调特征,山歌戏自由活泼、张口就来的山歌特质,叙述性与抒情性都特别强,非常适合演现代戏。革命历史题材剧具有很高的艺术价值与社会价值,一定要先找准了“材”再找对了舞台语汇来做。正如同描写百多年前台湾常民抗日的高甲戏《大稻埕》,剧作家曾学文所言其“创作的节点,是在台湾社会到处弥漫着怀念日本占领台湾,‘日据’成为‘日治’,日本屠杀台湾人民的历史已被淡忘的今天”。而且革命历史题材剧不可替代的精神引领与重塑价值观的作用,对于纠治当下转型期社会存在的精神矮化、道德失范、信仰迷失病症,尤其具有重大意义。
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